Geography - regeneration definitions

Austerity

a set of economic policies aimed at reducing government deficits during periods of financial crisis, often through cuts in public spending, tax increases,

ACE

adverse childhood experiences

Brownfield site

Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits some new use. Commonly found across urban areas, particularly in the inner city.

Counterurbanisation

The process of population decentralisation as people move from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas.

Cultural erosion

loss of unique cultural practices, beliefs, and traditions over time

Cycle of decline

negative multiplier effect that occurs when traditional industries close, leading to job losses and less money in the area

Deindustrialisation

the reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy

Deprivation

Lack or shortage of one or more basic necessities

Demographics

the distribution of human population groups

Decentralisation

movement of population, shops, offices and industry away from urban centres

Environmental degradation

damage to or destruction of the natural environment

Farm diversification

Setting up by farmers of new, sometimes non-agricultural enterprises to increase farm incomes.

FDI

foreign direct investment

Gated communities

Restricted neighborhoods, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests.

Gentrification

the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of lower-income people)

Geoheritage

geological aspect of natural and cultural heritage eg N Antrim Coast + Giant's Causeway

Heritage led regeneration

When regeneration builds on the historic aspects of a location This could be industrial heritage, e.g. tin mining in Cornwall, or a cultural project (City of Culture - Glasgow, Hull)​

IMD

Index of Multiple Deprivation-overall measure of multiple deprivation experienced by people living in an area

Innovation

An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method of doing something.

Kuznet's Curve

As per capita increases, environmental degradation first increases and then decreases.

Knowledge economy

a society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but instead on the production of knowledge

Local enterprise zones

areas designated by central government where businesses receive incentives - such as business rates discounts - to set up or expand.

Legacy (of regeneration)

the long-lasting impact of particular events, actions, etc. that took place in the past

Multiplier effect

idea of the multiplier effect is that initial investment leads to increased prosperity

NIMBYism

Not In My Back Yard - A situation where people are happy with an idea in principal so long as it is not near them. eg wind turbines

Northern Powerhouse

a major core region of cities (with a similar population to London) that has the potential to drive the economy of northern England

NGO

non-governmental organisation eg charity

Outmigration

The movement of a group of people out of a certain area, state, or country.

Outsourcing

obtain (goods or a service) from an outside or foreign supplier,

Reimaging

Regeneration specifically focussed on removing negative perceptions about a place. Re-imaging is about improving the reputation of a place to outsiders by marketing it as more attractive.

Rebranding

Rebranding is when a place is re-developed to gain a new identity.

Rust Belt

The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity.

Social cleansing

the removal from the area of members of a social class considered 'undesirable'

Studentification

the social and environmental changes caused by very large numbers of students living in particular areas of a town or city

TNC

A transnational corporation is a company that operates in multiple countries.

Urbanisation

Increase in the proportion of the countries population living in towns and cities

Voter engagement

Participation of citizens in the electoral process.

Welfare

the health, prosperity, and happiness of the members of a community

Xenophobia

fear of foreigners

Amenity value

The value of a resource to locals and businesses (beaches, timber, coal).

Capital

Productive assets, goods or financial stakes

CBD

Central business district - centre of city containing high density of businesses and TNC HQ's

Identity

refers to people's feelings and perceptions, and their shared beliefs, traditions and ways of life

Social mobility

the ability to move from one level of society to another

Status competition

drives less-affluent people into debt to keep up with a peer group practising a higher level of consumerism

Mechanisation

process of moving from a labour-intensive to a more capital-intensive method of production, employing more machines and fewer workers

Sink estate

Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime

Degeneration

The decline of a region over time, due to insufficient funds, outward migration and declining quality of life for residents

Elite migrants

Migration due to an individual's wealth or status, often investing in the host country through investment visas, property or business.

Environmental impact assessment

An assessment of the damage that may be caused to the (local) environment by a proposed development.

Hard regeneration

Construction of new buildings and infrastructure and investment within a region.

Internal migration

the movement of people within a country

international migration

the movement of people from one country to another country

Life cycle stage

The change in opinions and values at different stages of an individual's life.

Lived experience

The contribution of experiences and opportunities to an individual's views and values.

Non-agricultural based regeneration

The focus of regeneration is to produce revenue for rural businesses (e.g. Tea Rooms, Paintballing, Historic Attractions).

Political engagement

The willingness and ability of an individual to vote or join political parties or pressure groups.

Pressure group

usually voluntary organisations , with the aim of persuading the public and changing government policy

Regional disparity

The economic (or cultural) gap between different parts of a country.

Rural decline

Reduction in population in rural areas, leading to reduced services and government spending for that region.

rural-urban continuum

A range of living spaces running from remotest peripheral rural villages to the CBD of the city.

Spiral of decline

Stages of decline that contribute to a positive feedback loop, with more and more outward migration and increasingly declining services.

Culture led regeneration

The focus of regeneration is to enhance historic or cultural attractions of an area such as opening stately homes and building a reputation based on famous residents (Wordsworth country, Beatrix Potter in the Lake District, etc).

Stakeholder

an individual with interest and influence in their community (residents, local businesses,farmers, NGOs)

Social clustering

Groups of people with similar background frequently living together.

social exclusion

inability of a group of people to become involved in the cultural activities of a place

Soft regeneration

Investing in the skills and education of the population to improve their own quality of life.

Urban resurgence

aka reurbanisation - movement of people back to an area that was previously in decline

what 3 social factors reflect differences in economic activity

health - clear link between income and physical and mental health
life expectancy
levels of education

state 4 functions of a place

administrative
commercial
retail
industrial

state 4 reasons for change in places

physical factors eg nr rivers/coast - flooding
historical development - eg narrow streets - out of town retail + science parks - road access
accessibility and connectedness- transport links
local and national planning eg new towns, urban development corporations, infrastructure projects

state 3 signs that a place is successful

high employment
high inward migration
low levels of multiple deprivation

state 4 negative effects of being a successful place

high demand - high house prices
high retail prices
rapidly changing cultures
skill shortages

what can engagement involve

political engagement - electoral turnout
community engagement - eg sport clubs, community groups, places of worship

give 5 reasons why levels of engagement may vary

age
length of residence
levels of deprivation
ethnicity
gender

what are 2 key sources of statistical evidence that help determine the need for regeneration

census data
IMD

what are the 3 types of government policy on international migration

open door policy - EU free movement of workers
closed door policy - brexit
targeted policy - allowing skilled workers in

how did financial deregulation in the UK promote growth and investment

anyone can trade shares → more funds for companies to invest → companies expanded → companies employed more people

what location factors are good for science and technology parks

proximity to skilled labour
close links to unis
good business infrastructure
good transport links
proximity to suppliers and clients

state 3 advantages of rural rebranding

reduces rural depopulation
balances age structure
creates jobs, skills and income

disadvantages of rural rebranding

often focused on tourism
can lead to transport congestion
high tech industries may not see ‘preserved’ places as being open to investment

define absolute poverty

people are living below a certain income threshold that’s considered necessary to meet basic needs