8 - complex sentences

relative clauses relative pronouns free relative clauses participle clauses

antecedent = person/object

qui/que

antecedent = preposition/idea

ce qui/ce que

relative pronouns - que

replaces direct object

relative pronouns - qui

replaces subject

relative pronouns - dont

replaces preposition 'de'

replaces 'des' when it means de + les

de qui or duquel?

de qui = antecedent refers to a person

duquel = antecedent refers to a thing

de qui/duquel uses

when a relative pronoun complements a noun preceded by a preposition

when 'de' is part of a complex preposition

qui or lequel

antecedent is a person = preposition + qui

antecedent is a thing = preposition + lequel

forms of lequel with à

auquel
à laquelle
auxquels
auxquelles

forms of lequel with parmi/entre

lesquels/lesquelles

où

used for place and for time

quand is never used

quoi

replaces an inanimate, indefinite pronoun

saying what in French
ce qui
ce que
ce dont

'what' is doing the verb
'what' is the recipient of the verb
'what' replaces 'de'

free relative clauses

when the relative pronoun replaces a whole clause

'which'

ce + relative pronoun

participle clauses

clause introduced by a past/present participle

can replace relative clauses introduced by qui/que

participle clauses - uses

'having done'

verbs in -ing form