neuro functions

sympathetic nervous system

mobilizes energy for emergencies

parasympathetic nervous system

conserves energy and restores balance

somatic nervous system

voluntary functions

soma

cell body for neuron

dendrites

collect information from the environment

axon

sends information from one soma to the next cell

sensory (afferent) neurons

from PNS to CNS — sensation goes to brain

motor (efferent) neurons

from CNS to PNS — movement comes from brain

neurotransmitters

chemicals released by one neuron and picked up by another; “carries” the message

frontal lobe

primary motor cortex

parietal lobe

primary sensory cortex

temporal lobe

language, speech cortex

occipital lobe

primary visual cortex

insular lobe

autonomic functions, some emotions

precentral gyrus

motor strip

postcentral gyrus

primary sensory cortex

skull

structural protection of the brain

meninges

barrier between skull and brain

cerebrospinal fluid

cushioning for brain; provides nutrients and removes waste

ventricular system

produces cerebrospinal fluid

association fibers

communication within brain hemispheres

commissural fibers

communication across hemispheres

projection fibers

connect the cerebral cortex to lower areas of the CNS

basal ganglia

background movement, initiation of movement

hippocampus

memory

thalamus

sensory information

cerebellum

communicates with sensory aspects of CNS for the purpose of executing motor movements; maintains equilibrium; coordinates muscle action

midbrain

point through which all motor and sensory fibers pass

pons

cerebellar attachments (peduncles)

medulla

point at which nerve fibers cross to other side

cerebrum

complex cognitive function

spinal cord

reflexes, communication to cerebrum

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

somatosensory information (touch, pain) from the face and head; muscles for chewing

facial nerve (CN VII)

taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue); somatosensory information from ear; controls muscles used in facial expression

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

hearing, balance

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue); somatosensory information from tongue, tonsil, pharynx; controls some muscles used in swallowing

vagus nerve (CN X)

sensory, motor, and autonomic functions of viscera (glands, digestion, heart rate), swallowing and taste sensation

spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

controls muscles used in head movement

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

controls muscles of the tongue

posterior parietal lobe

spatial orientation via visual cortex and proprioception

premotor area

action planning

supplementary motor area

action initiation

motor strip

execution of voluntary movement