A&P II Respiratory System Exam 1

Pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of lungs (ventilation of lungs, breathing)

External Respiration

O2 and CO2 exchange between the air in the lungs and blood in the capillaries

Internal respiration

O2 and CO2 exchange between the blood and the cells, O2 utilization and CO2 production by cell metabolism (cellular respiration)

upper

nose and pharynx are part of the ________ respiratory system

lower

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are part of the _______ respiratory system

conducting zone

moves air (no gas exchange) from mouth/nose to bronchioles

superior external

nasal and parts of the maxillae and frontal bones are part of the _____ _____ nose

inferior external

cartilage plates held by CT are part of the _____ _____ nose

nasal cavity

extends from the external nares to the nasopharynx posteriorly

nasal septum

nasal cavity is divided by the _____ into rt and lt chambers

cartilage

anterior nasal septum is made up of ______

ethmoid and vomer bone

posterior nasal septum is made up of _____________

nasal roof

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

lateral walls

3 bony projections from each wall

superior, middle, and inferior Conchae

meatuses

between each conchae are recesses

Superior, middle, and inferior _______

nasal cavity floor

formed by bony hard palate + soft palate

paranasal sinuses

air spaces located in bones of skull which open into the meatuses

nasolacrimal ducts

drain tears into the nasal cavity

mucous membrane

lining of the nasal cavity + paranasal sinuses

contains large # of mucus secreting goblet cells and ciliated cells

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

type of cells that line the nasal cavity (make up the mucous membrane)

warms, saturates, traps, antibacterial

the function of mucous membrane:

_____ inhaled air (bv)

_____ inhaled air with water

_____ small particles

used as _____ agents: nerve endings → sneeze

paranasal sinuses

mucous membrane inflammation leads to this being mucus filled, less resonant voice, more pressure (headaches)

Eyes

This mucous membrane covering is via nasolacrimal duct → red watery eyes

pharynx

divided into bronchi or eustachian tubes

In mucous membrane inflammation, coughing or bronchitis in bronchi, stuffed up in eustachian tubes

pharynx

muscular tube used by both the digestive system and the respiratory system

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

pharynx divided into these three regions

internal nares

The nasopharynx is continuous with the nasal cavity through the ______ _______

eustacian

The nasopharynx connects with the middle ear via the ______ tubes on the lateral wallsThe nasopharynx connects with the middle ear via the ______ tubes on the lateral walls

tubal tonsil

lymphoid tissue near the eustacian tube openings

pharyngeal tonsil

in posterior wall of nasopharynx
when enlarged, termed adenoids

soft palate

oropharynx extends from the ___ ______ to the beginning of the larynopharynx

oral

oropharynx communicates with the ____ cavity

stratified squamous epithelium

type of epithelium lining oropharynx

esophagus

laryngopharynx extends from oropharynx above the larynx and the ______ below

larynx

connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea; sound production

6, 3

Larynx is formed by 9 cartilages:

__ paired, __ unpaired

ligaments and muscles

hold the cartilages of the larynx together (intrinsic muscles) + attach them to the hyoid bone (extrinsic muscle)

hyoid bone

What is this structure?

thyroid cartilage

What is this structure?

• formed by the joining of 2 broad plates of cartilage (“adams” apple = laryngeal prominence: anterior angle)

cricothyroid ligament

What is this structure?

cricotracheal ligament

What is this structure?

epiglottis

What is this structure?

• leaf-shaped; attached to the thyroid inner surface

• Acts like a flap which alllows air to enter the larynx but during swallowing in blocks the opening of the larynx

thyroihyoid membrane

What is this structure?

cuneiform cartilage

What is this structure?

corniculate cartilage

What is this structure?

arytenoid cartilage

What is this structure?

• most important of the paired cartilages

• small, pyramidal, rest on the superior-posterior border of the cricoid cartilage

• movement of these → varying tension on the cord

cricoid cartilage

What is this structure?

• ring-shaped; anchored to the thyroid cartilage above + trachea below

laryngeal cartilage

hyaline cartilage (except epiglottis = elastic cartilage)

ventricular folds

another name for false vocal cords

the superior pair of folds

true vocal cords

inferior pair of vocal folds

glottis

opening between the vocal folds (rima glottidis) + vocal folds

• within vocal folds are bands of elastic ligaments

glottis

air passing through the ______ will cause vocal cord vibration which will lead to sound

pitch

you can change this by changing vocal fold tension → changing vocal cord vibration frequency

deeper

longer and thicker vocal cords mean a ________ voice

laryngitis

irritation or inflammation of the mucous membrane covering the larynx

→ swelling → interference with fold vibration → hoarseness

2.5, 1

the trachea is __cm or _in in diameter

12, 5

the trachea is __cm or _in long

carina

extends from larynx to T(5-7) level where it divides into the right and left primary bronchi

esophagus

trachea lies anterior to the ________

hyaline cartilages

trachea is surrounded by a series of C-shaped _________ which prevent it from collapsing

elastic CT

With the trachealis muscle, it joins C-shaped tracheal rings posteriorly.

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

trachea contains mucosa lining with this type of epithelium with goblet cells

cilia

smoking causes a decrease in these structures in the trachea

coughing would be only way to prevent mucus from accumulating in lungs

cartilage rings

walls of the primary bronchi supported by incomplete _______________

vertical

right primary bronchus is more _________

3,2

the right lung has __ secondary bronchi and the left lung has _ secondary bronchi.

smooth muscle

walls of the cartilage do not contain cartilage, rather, they are completely surrounded by ________

spasm

asthmatic attack connurs in terminal bronchiole due to sm. muscle _____ → airways squeezed shut (since no cartilage support) → breathing difficulties

dilation

sympathetic NS → sm. muscle relaxation → bronchiole ________

constriction

parasympathetic NS → sm. muscle contraction → bronchiole ________