AP Pyschology 0.1-0.4

Psychodynamic:

Explores how unconscious drives, conflicts, and childhood experiences shape behavior

Behaviorism

Focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they're learned through interaction with the environment

Humanistic

Emphasizes personal growth, free will, and the concept of self-actualization.

Cognitive

Examines internal mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

Biological

Studies the physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals.

Evolutionary

Considers how behavior and mental processes serve as adaptations for survival and reproduction.

Sociocultural

Analyzes how culture, social norms, and social environments influence behavior.

Biopsychosocial

Combines biological, psychological, and social factors to provide a comprehensive understanding of human behavior

Confirmation bias

people tend to look for, interpret, or remember information in a way that confirms what they already believe.

Hindsight bias

people believe that they knew something was going to happen after it has already occurred, even if they didn't actually predict it beforehand.

Overconfidence

when people have too much faith in their own judgments or abilities, thinking they know more than they actually do.

Empirical evidence

refers to information that is obtained through observation, experimentation, or measurement.

The Scientific Method

in psychology is a systematic approach used to study human behavior and mental processes.

Hypothesis

in psychology is a specific, testable prediction or educated guess about the relationship between variables or the outcome of a research study.

Falsifiable

a falsifiable hypothesis in psychology is a statement that can be tested and potentially proven false through observation or experimentation.

Peer Review

a process where research articles and studies are evaluated by experts in the field before they are published in academic journals.

Replication

the process of repeating or reproducing a research study to determine if its findings can be consistently observed.

"RRR" stands for "Repeated, Reliable Results.

Validity

which a research study or measurement tool accurately measures what it intends to measure

"VET" stands for "Valid Evidence, True."

The American Psychological Association (APA)

is a organization dedicated to advancing the field of psychology and promoting the application of psychological knowledge to improve human welfare.

Quantitative Data

numbers-based information gathered from surveys, tests, or experiments.

Q for Quantity: Quantitative data is about the Quantity of numbers.

Qualitative data

is not about numbers but gives deeper insights into complex topics.

Q for Quality: Qualitative data is about the Quality of experiences and observations.

Likert Scales

measurement tool used in surveys and questionnaires to assess people's attitudes, opinions, or perceptions.

I enjoy spending time with friends.

1.Strongly Agree

2.Agree

3.Neutral

4.Disagree

5.Strongly Disagree

Structured Interviews

research method in which predetermined questions are asked to all participants in the same order.

How often do you engage in outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, or picnics?

a. Daily

b. Several times a week

c. Once a week

d. Occasionally

e. Rarely or never

Survey Technique

research method in psychology used to collect data from a sample of individuals through self-report measures.

Talking to friends or family

1 - Not effective at all

2 - Slightly effective

3 - Moderately effective

4 - Very effective

5 - Extremely effective

Wording Effect

subtle changes in the phrasing or wording of survey questions can influence respondents' interpretations and responses.

Version 1: "Do you feel stressed about your upcoming exams?"

Version 2: "Are you worried about failing your upcoming exams?"

Social Desirability Bias

refers to the tendency of individuals to respond in a manner that is viewed favorably by others or conforms to social norms, rather than providing honest or accurate answers.

Naturalistic Observation

research method in psychology where researchers observe and record behavior in real-world settings without intervention or manipulation.

Case Study

research method in psychology that involves an in-depth examination of a single individual, group, or phenomenon.

Correlational Research

allows psychologists to identify patterns and make predictions, but it does not establish causation between variables.

Third Variable Problem

the possibility that a third, unmeasured variable may be influencing the relationship between the two variables of interest.

Scatterplot

a visual representation used in correlational research to display the relationship between two variables.

Correlation Coefficient

statistical measure used in correlational research to quantify the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

It is represented by the symbol "r" and ranges from -1 to +1.

Positive Correlation

A correlation coefficient of +1 indicates a perfect positive relationship, meaning that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases.

Variables moving in the same direction.

Negative Correlation

A correlation coefficient of -1 indicates a perfect negative relationship, meaning that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.

Variables moving in opposite directions.

meta-analysis

Statistical technique by combining results from multiple studies to reach a conclusion

operational definition

outline the exact procedures used in the study and outlines how varables are measured

stratify sample

sample divided into different subcatagories