Central Nervous System

Deep within the white matter of the cerebrum are clusters of neuron cell bodies forming the:

Basal nuclei

The cerebral cortex possess many folds and grooves, named:

Convolutions

An elevated fold is called a —. The groove between two gyri is called a —

Gyrus; sulcus

Each cerebral hemisphere is divided by deep sulci into lobes:

• frontal

• Temporal

• Parietal

• Occipital

The last lobe is located deep within the lateral sulcus and is called the:

Insula

The two hemispheres are separated by the longitudal fissue, but are connected to each other by a large fiber tract, the — —

Corpus callosum

Frontal lobe functions:

• voluntary control of skeletal muscles, personality, verbal communication…

Parietal lobe functions:

• cutaneous and muscular sensations

• Speech

• Interpretation of textures and shapes (Somatesthetic interpretation)

Temporal lobe functions:

• Auditory sensations

• Memory of auditory and visual experiences

Occipital lobe function:

• Integration of visual information

Insula lobe function:

• Memory and pain integration

The area involved in motor control is called the:

Primary motor cortex

The area involved in somesthetic sensations is called the:

Somatosensory cortex

The most prominent basal nuclei is the — —, made of the caudate and lentiform nuclei

Corpus striatum

The lentiform nucleus is divided in two regions:

• Globus pallidus

• Putamen

Neurons from the cerebral cortex controlling movement send axons to the basal nuclei, primarily from the

Putamen

Neurons in the putamen are —. Inhibitory neurons from the putamen, the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra release — into the thalamus

GABAergic; GABA

The — sends excitatory axons to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex, completing the circuit.

Thalamus

—- measure the potential (in Volts) caused by the electrical activity of the brain.

• Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

Four types of EEG patterns

• Alpha waves: parietal and occipital lobes: best recorded when person is awake, relaxed, and with eyes closed

• Beta waves: frontal lobes: visual stimuli and mental activity

• Theta waves: temporal occipital lobes. Common in newborns and sleeping adults

• Delta waves: recorded throughout the whole cortex. Common during sleep, indicate brain damage in an awake individual

Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the detection of — which are mostly present in water within the body

Protons (H+)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) detects and visualizes brain activity by detecting changes associated with:

Blood flow

Positron emission tomography (PET) uses — to measure brain activity

Radioisotopes

Cerebral lateralization (opposite controls other side) because the nerve fibers obliquely cross from one lateral side of the brain to the other:

Decussation

Motor speech area

Broca’s area

These results show that in order to speak, the concept of words originates in the —- —-.

Wernicke’s area

Two types of memory:

• Short-term memory

• Long-term memory, requires RNA and protein synthesis

Short-term memory can be applied to cognitive tasks:

Working memory

Long-term memory categories:

• Episodic: learn, store, retrieve personal and unique memories

• Semantic: facts

• Procedural: riding bike, driving care, putting a seatbelt on

The — is crucial in the formation and retrieval of memories

Hippocampus

The —- body is also involved in memory, particularly emotional learning and fear conditioning.

Amygdaloid

Long-term visual memories are stored in the ——-

Inferior temporal lobes

The —- contains the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland

Diencephallon

The epithalamus contains the — gland that secretes —

Pineal; thalamus

True or false: the thalamus relays all sensory information including olfactory information

False. EXCEPT for the olfactory information

True or false: the hypothalamus is crucial for homeostasis

True

The —- —- is a group of axonal projections from the hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary

Neurons from the —- and — — produce the hormones ADH and oxytocin

Paraventricular; supraoptic nuclei

Neurons in the hypothalamus also secrete —- or —. These hormones control hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland: somatotrophin, lactotropin

Liberins; statins

—, also called the mesencephalon contains that corpore quadrigemina

Midbrain

(Dopaminergic pathways) The nigrostriatal system. Projects from the — to the —- (forebrain)

Substantia nigra; corpus striatum

(Dopaminergic pathways) The — system. Projects Dopaminergic input to the limbic system

Mesolimbic