Chem exam 1 study

Solid

Have a definite shape and volume; particles are closely packed together and vibrate in fixed positions.

Liquid

Have a definite volume but take the shape of their container; particles are close but can move past one another.

Gas

Have neither definite shape nor volume; particles are far apart and move freely.

Homogeneous Mixtures

Uniform composition throughout (e.g., saltwater).

Heterogeneous Mixtures

Composition is not uniform (e.g., salad).

Filtration

Separating solids from liquids using a filter.

Distillation

Separating components of a mixture based on boiling points.

Chromatography

Separating substances based on their movement through a medium.

Significant Figures

Digits in a number that carry meaningful information about its precision.

Physical Properties

Can be observed without changing the substance (e.g., color, boiling point).

Chemical Properties

Can only be observed during a chemical reaction (e.g., flammability, reactivity).

Precision

How close the measurements are to each other.

Accuracy

How close the measurements are to the true or accepted value.

Intensive Properties

Do not depend on the amount of substance (e.g., density, boiling point).

Extensive Properties

Depend on the amount of substance (e.g., mass, volume).

Atom Composition

Atoms consist of protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative).

Wave-Particle Duality

Light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like behavior.

Energy Quantization

The idea that energy exists in discrete levels.

Nuclear Reactions

Understand how to represent the conservation of mass and charge in nuclear decay equations.

Dimensional Analysis

Convert between different units using conversion factors.

Density Formula

Density (D) = mass (m) / volume (V).

Isotopic Mass

Calculate the average atomic mass of an element based on its isotopes.

Photoelectric Effect

Determine the energy of photons and assess whether photoelectrons will be emitted.

Bohr’s Equation

Used to calculate energy transitions within a hydrogen atom.