Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

These flashcards cover key concepts related to aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, including nomenclature, functional groups, reactions, and properties.

Aldehydes

Organic compounds containing the carbonyl group (C=O) with at least one hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon.

Ketones

Organic compounds with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms.

Carboxylic Acids

Functional group containing a carbonyl (C=O) and a hydroxyl (-OH) group, characterized by the presence of the carboxyl (-COOH) group.

Carbonyl Group

A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O).

Nomenclature

The formal naming of organic compounds according to established rules, including common and IUPAC names.

IUPAC Names

The systematic naming of chemical compounds as established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

Common Names

Names that are commonly used for specific compounds, often derived from their sources or other historical references.

Aldol Condensation

A reaction involving the condensation of two aldehydes or ketones to form a β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone, which can dehydrate to give an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound.

Cannizzaro Reaction

An organic redox reaction in which aldehydes without α-hydrogens undergo disproportionation in the presence of a strong base to form alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Nucleophilic Addition

A reaction mechanism where a nucleophile attacks an electrophilic carbon atom, typically in a carbonyl compound.

Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids are weak acids that dissociate in water to form carboxylate ions and hydronium ions, exhibiting acidity due to resonance stabilization.

Resonance Stabilization

A concept that describes the delocalization of electrons in a molecule, contributing to the stability of the molecule.

Hydrogen Bonding

Attractive interactions between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom, impacting boiling points and solubility.

Functional Groups

Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

Electrophilic Carbon

A carbon atom in a carbonyl functional group that is electron-deficient and can be attacked by nucleophiles.

Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

Describes solubility, boiling points, and state of matter at room temperature, generally involving polar interactions and hydrogen bonding.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

A reaction that introduces an acyl group into an aromatic ring using an acyl chloride and a Lewis acid catalyst.

Halogenation of Carboxylic Acids

A reaction where carboxylic acids with α-hydrogens can react with halogens to form α-halo carboxylic acids.