alcohols and phenols

alcohols

first type of hydrocarbon derivative containing a single oxygen atom to be considered.

-OH

what is the organic compound of alcohol which an group is bonded to a saturated carbon atom. A saturated carbon atom is a carbon atom that is bonded to four other atoms.

hydroxyl group

The name of the -OH group, the functional group that is characteristic of an alcohol

Classification of Alcohols

depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon atom that bears the hydroxyl group.

primary alcohol

is an alcohol in which the hydroxyl-bearing carbon atom is bonded to only one other carbon atom.

• are best able to hydrogen bond

• higher boiling point

secondary alcohol is

is an alcohol in which the hydroxyl-bearing carbon atom is bonded to two other carbon atoms.

tertiary alcohol

is an alcohol in which the hydroxyl-bearing carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms.

• least able to hydrogen bond

R groups

the increased number of this group decreases the extent of hydrogen bonding. This effect, called steric hindrance

steric hindrance

solubility test

the physical properties of alcohols are influenced by the hydrogen bonding ability

• hydrogen bonding raises boiling point due to combined strength of hydrogen bonds

sodium dichromate

used in oxidation test , (Na2Cr2O7)

oxi test - primary alcohol

gets easily oxidized to an aldehyde and can further be oxidized to carboxylic acids too

oxi test - secondary alcohol

gets easily oxidized to ketone, but further oxidation is no possible

oxi test - tertiary alcohol

doesnt get oxidized in the presence of sodium dichromate

iodoform test

test for the presence of carbonyl compounds with the structure RCOCH3 and alcohols with the structure of RCH(OH)CH3

NaOH

is used to remove the color of I2

pale yellow precipitate

formation indicates a positive result for the iodoform test

antiseptic smell

characteristic of a positive iodoform test

iodoform

is a crystalline, light yellow chemical that is volatile

antiseptic component

how is iodoform used in pharmaceuticals

CHL3

organic iodine compound chemical formula

triiodomethane or triiodo

a common name for iodoform, derivative of methane

methyl ketone or secondary alcohol with methyl group in the alpha position

a pale yellow precipitate of iodoform or triiodomethane is created when iodine and sodium hydroxide is combined with a substance containing either