chapter 16 people.

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Genizaros

Native Americans that weren't part of a tribe but were apart of spanish society.

Mestizos

People of mixed race

Plains "Indians"

A diverse, aggressive group of native americans. They were different from one another, some being farmers and others being harsh hunters. The one trait they had in common was that their culture is based on their relationship with family and nature.

Sioux/Eastern Sioux/Western Sioux

One of the most powerful nations in the missouri river valley after they had begun expanding. They depended heavily on hunting buffalo. They had a powerful alliance with the cheyenne and arapaho.

Arapaho

Had a powerful alliance with the sioux and cheyenne

Cheyenne

Had a powerful alliance with the Sioux and Arapaho.

Stephen Kearny

Commander of the American army that took over Santa Fe. He tried to establish a territorial government that excluded the established mexican ruling class. All of the officials he elected were anglo-american instead of considering at least 1 of 50,000 hispanics. He caused hispanic and native american people to fear for their land and future.

Taos

Native Americans that rebelled against the anglo-american society coming to New Mexico after Kearny. They killed the new governor and a few officials. They were subdued by the u.s army and caused New Mexico to remain under military rule for three years.

Rancheros

Spanish speakers that owned ranches. The ranching culture was decreasing and they experienced a lot of troubles. It was difficult for them to compete with the anglo-american ranching kingdoms.

Juan Cortina

A mexican rancher that led a raid on a jail in Brownsville and freed all the mexican prisoners inside. He would harass anglo communities but was eventually arrested by the mexican government.

Chinese Immigrants

Originally crossed the Pacific in hopes for a better life out of poverty. Their situation wasn't much better in the U.S. where they were working in an environment similar to slavery. White people were jealous of their success in obtaining jobs because they accepted low wages.

Coolies

Typically of chinese descent, people that worked in positions similar to the conditions of slavery.

Six companies

Leading Chinese merchants in San Francisco that worked together to advance their interest in the city.

Anti-coolie clubs

An anti-chinese sentiment among white residents that sought to ban employing chinese immigrants. They organized boycotts of the products made with chinese labor and attacked chinese workers on the streets.

Denis Kearney

Irish immigrant that created the workingmen's party of California. He gained significant political power because of how much he resented chinese immigrants.

Henry George

Said that Chinese immigrants were savages and should not be apart of society.

Henry Comstock/Comstock Lode

A rich deposit of silver and gold discovered in Nevada. it was found in a remote desert so all the supplies people needed when they came needed to be shipped.

William Clark

Launched the great Anaconda copper mine. He marked the beginning of an industry that would remain important for many decades. Mining operations had significant success with lead, quartz, and zinc

Bad Men

Attracted by valuable minerals and how vague the boundaries were. They operated as individual gangs and caused people to create their own systems of government and social control.

Vigilantes

Continued to operate as private "law" enforcers after the creation of regular government

Cowboys

Horseman skilled at handling cattle. They were often rampaging and are highly romanticized. They represented each of the major ranchers accompanied them.

Wranglers

Herdsmen that were most often african americans.

Nesters

Famers from the east that threw fences around their land. They blocked trails which had a part in causing the range wars.

Owen Wister/The Virginian

Popular western novel that romanticized the cowboys freedoms from traditional social constraints. In the novel it displayed a semi-educated man who had natural courage and compassion, it made him a powerful symbol of the supposed virtues of the frontier.

Buffalo Bill

Played by William F. Cody. Opened the first real wild west show in Omaha. He was a scout for the U.S. Cavalry during the indian wars and was a guide. It had ridden for the pony express, fought in the civil war, and been a supplier of buffalo meat to workers on the transcontinental railroad

Annie Oakley

Became popular for her shooting acts where she would throw into the air small cards with her picture on them, shooting a hole through their middle, and toss them into the audience as souvenirs

Mark Twain

One of the great american writers of the nineteenth century that gave voice to the romantic vision of the frontier in a series of novels and memoirs. He wrote Roughing it.

Frederic Remington

Painter and sculptor that captured the romance (allure) of the west and its image as an alternative civilization of the east. It portrayed the cowboy as a natural aristocrat (a member of a higher class). Altered the reality of what an actual civilian was like

Theodore Roosevelt

Traveled to Dakota Badlands to forget about his pain of his late wife and believed the West was a place for physical regeneration (where a man could gain strength through rugged activity) which caused him to really love the region.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Historian of the university of wisconsin. He delivered a memorable paper ("The Significance of the Frontier in American History") to a meeting of the American Historical association in chicago

Henry Nash Smith

Historian that believed the Virgin Land was where someone could begin a new life and the ideals of democracy would be restored

Treaty chiefs

A sarcastic term about people chosen by whites to illegitimately negotiate reservations defined by treaties.

Little Crow

Leader of the eastern Sioux in Minnesota that led rebellions against white people. 38 native americans were hung and the sioux were exiled to the Dakota's similar to a lot of other native americans

Black Kettle

Led an arapaho and cheyenne band. He camped near fort lyon on sand creek in november after the invitation by the government to congregate at army posts for protection before the army began its campaign. While he was camping out he believed he was under protection. Later, his troops were killed by Chivington and his group. He was able to escape the massacre but was caught a few years later.

J.M. Chivington

Encouraged by the army commander of the district and drunk massacred 133 people of Black Kettles tribe in the Sand Creek Massacre.

George A. Custer

Caught Black Kettle after he had escaped the Sand Creek Massacre. Him and his people killed Black Kettle and his people.

Crazy Horse

Led a band of native american warriors to defend themselves against the white settlers who were forcing native americans to return back to their settlements after the dakota territory was being penetrated. Assembled the largest native american army assembled at one time. Proud leader and accepted defeat at the monotony of life on reservations. He was later killed by reservation police after being tricked or taunted into a last pathetic show of resistance.

Sitting Bull

Led a band of native american warriors to defend themselves against the white settlers who were forcing native americans to return back to their settlements after the dakota territory was being penetrated. Proud leader and accepted defeat at the monotony of life on reservations. He was killed by reservation police after being tricked or taunted into a last pathetic show of resistance.

Chief Joseph

Leader of the Nez Perce that Urged his followers to flee from the american troops. He Caused them to scatter in several directions and became part of a remarkable chase.Moved with more than 500 people (men, women, children, and elders) to Canada and take refuge with the Sioux. Evaded the army time and time again. Caught short of the Canadian boundary. Some were able to escape and slipped across the border but Joseph and most of his followers were discouraged and gave up. Gave a speech saying how sad and tired he was. Surrendered to Miles in exchange for a promise that his band could return to the Nez Perce reservation in Idaho but the government refused.

Nelson Miles

Chief Joseph met with him and explained how tired and discouraged he was. Surrendered to Miles for the promise that the Nez Perce would get their land back.Government didn't honor his promise and it caused a lot of them to die.

Chiricahua Apaches

Last native americans to maintain and organized resistance against white forces. They fought every now again (not steady) for more than 2 years. The first two leaders (Mangas Coloradas and Cochise) died so when Geronimo became leader he refused to surrender and continued to fight. The number of them decreased as the fighting continued. Geronimo decided to surrender because of how many were dying and it marked the end of the war. Apache wars were the most violent of all the conflicts because of how desperate they were

Mangas Colorados

Chief of the chiricahua apaches. He was murdered during the civil war by white soldiers who tricked him into surrendering

Cochise

Chief of the chiricahua apaches.Agreed to peace in exchange for a reservation that included some of the apaches traditional land and then he died.

Geronimo

Successor of cochise. Unwilling to bow to white pressures to assimilate (continued to fight). He established many bases and recognized the odds were not in their favor and decided to surrender.

Wovoka

Prophet that led many native americans into a religious revival. Inspired a spiritual awakening that began in Nevada and spread quickly. Emphasized the coming of a messiah and an emotional "Ghost Dance" which inspired ecstatic visions.

"Middlemen"

Many thought they were combining to fix prices so as to benefit themselves at the growers' expense (taking advantage of the farmers). Industrial good prices were higher while farm goods were lower causing farmers to make less money

"Hayseeds"

A person from the country that was unsophisticated. Farmers feared of being called this while they children were moving to the big cities.