General + Neutrophil, Basophil, Eosinophil (Cram)

Cells in the blood that are involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances (anatomical and common name)

Leukocytes or white blood cells

What are the two groups of leukocytes?

1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

What are the three types of leukocytes that contain granules in their cytoplasm (ie. granulocytes)?

1. Neutrophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Basophils

What are the two types of leukocytes that have few or no granules evident in their cytoplasm (ie. agranulocytes)?

1. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

What are the six stages of granulocyte development in order?

1. Myeloblast

2. Promyelocyte

3. Myelocyte

4. Metamyelocyte

5. Band cell

6. Segmented granulocyte

This cell is the same as a progenitor cell, large with a large nucleus, prominent nucleoli and lacy chromatin. Cytoplasm is blue with no visible granules. What stage of granulocyte development is it?

Myeloblast

This cell is slightly larger than a myeloblast. It has more cytoplasm and small granules. Cytoplasm is less blue. Chromatin pattern is becoming coarse. Nucleoli present but may be indistinct. What stage of granulocyte development is it?

Promyelocyte

This cell is smaller than a myeloblast. Nucleus is denser and smaller. Nucleoli is absent.What stage of granulocyte development is it?

Myelocyte

This cell has a nucleus that is starting to become kidney bean shaped. Cytoplasm is less blue, and it may have more granules.What stage of granulocyte development is it?

Metamyelocyte

This cell have a curved nucleus. No area of the nucleus is constricted to less than two thirds of the diameter of the rest of the nucleus. What stage of granulocyte development is it?

Band cell

This cell has a lobulated nucleus or has areas of marked constriction. Normally has 2–5 lobes. May have obvious granules.

Segmented granulocyte

What are the two functional systems of leukocytes?

1. Phagocytic system

2. Immunocytic system

What are the four leukocytes in the phagocytic system?

1. Neutrophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Basophils

4. Monocytes

What is the leukocyte in the immunocytic system?

Lymphocytes

What are the two types of immunity produced by immunocytic system?

1. Humoral immunity

2. Cell mediated immunity

What type of immunity produces antibodies to give immunity?

Humoral immunity

What type of immunity attacks the pathogen with WBC's?

Cell–mediated immunity

What are the three stages of phagocytosis?

1. Chemotaxis

2. Adherence

3. Internalization

What stage of phagocytosis involves phagocytes being attracted to the site by molecules called chemotaxins?

Chemotaxis

What stage of phagocytosis involves phagocytes attaching to the microorganism?

Adherence

What stage of phagocytosis involves the phagocyte invaginating, surrounding, killing, and digesting the microorganism?

Internalization

What is another name for granulocytic cells?

Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN's)

What is the predominant circulating granulocyte, what animal is the exception?

Neutrophils, cattle (lymphocytes are more dominant)

True or false: Neutrophils are the primary defense against bacterial infection

True

What two biologically active molecules do neutrophils secrete?

1. Enzymes

2. Chemotactic factors (attract more neutrophils)

What would this neutrophil be called?

Hypersegmented neutrophil

What is this structure called, what does it tell you about the animal?

Barr body, the animal is female

What is the general lifespan of a neutrophil?

Very short, hours to days

Term for increased neutrophil production/release from bone marrow

Neutrophilia

Name for neutrophils lined up along the blood vessle endothelium

Marginating pool

In neutrophilia, neutrophils move from the marginating pool to where?

Circulating pool

What are some conditions that can cause a neutrophilia?

Hemorrhage, hemolysis, toxicity

Term for decreased release of neutrophils from bone marrow

Neutropenia

In neutropenia which pools are neutrophils moving to and from?

From the circulating pool, to the marginating pool

What tendancy of the granules of eosinophils gives this granulocyte its name?

Granules have a strong affinity for eosin

In what two situations are eosinophils more prominent?

1. Hypersensitivity or allergic reactions

2. Parasitic infections

What are some conditions that would make eosinophils more prominent?

Feline athsma, allergic bronchitis, flea bite dermatitis, and heartworm

Term for an increase of eosinophils

Eosinophilia

Term for a decrease of eosinophils

Eosinopenia

True or false: Eosinopenia is more concerning finding than eosinophilia

False. Eosinopenia is very normal, 0% isn't a concern.

What kind of drug will cause eosinopenia?

Glucocorticoids

What are the two chemicals released by basophils?

1. Histamines

2. Heparin

What symptoms do histamines and heparin produce?

Symptoms of allergies

Term for increased basophils

Basophilia

Term for decreased basophils

Basopenia (just like eosinopenia in that a low number is very normal)

Will long term antibody stimulation (ex. living with a cat while allergic to cats) cause basophilia or basopenia?

Basophilia