bio lab 1031 practical 1

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98 Terms

1
How are living organisms classified?
Organisms are classified into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
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2
What are the 3 domains of life?
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
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3
What are the 4 kingdoms of Domain Eukarya?
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
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4
What is the hierarchy of taxa from most inclusive to least inclusive?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
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5
What are general characteristics of protists?
Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, and diverse in form and function.
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6
What is the life cycle of a protist?
Varies widely; may include sexual and asexual reproduction.
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7
What does 'protozoa' mean?
First animals; refers to single-celled eukaryotic organisms.
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8
What are the protozoan phyla discussed in lab?
Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, and Euglenozoa.
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9
What are unique characteristics of Euglena?
Photosynthetic, flagellated, and has a unique eyespot.
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10
What are unique characteristics of Amoeba?
Shape-shifting, uses pseudopodia for movement and feeding.
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11
What are unique characteristics of Paramecium?
Ciliated, slipper-shaped, and reproduces by binary fission.
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12
What are unique characteristics of Plasmodium?
Causes malaria; non-motile and relies on mosquito vectors.
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13
What are the steps to a wet mount procedure for a protist?
1. Place specimen on a slide. 2. Add a drop of water. 3. Lower a cover slip gently.
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14
What does the suffix -phyta mean?
Refers to plants or plant divisions.
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15
What are the 4 protist algal phyla?
Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, and Bacillariophyta.
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16
How can algal phyla names help determine their characteristics?
Names often imply color, structure, and type of chlorophyll.
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17
What are unique characteristics of Chlamydomonas?
Unicellular green algae with flagella and a cup-shaped chloroplast.
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18
What are unique characteristics of Volvox?
Colonial green algae that forms spherical colonies.
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19
What are unique characteristics of Gonium?
Colonial green algae that forms flat plates.
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20
What are unique characteristics of Hydrodictyon?
Form net-like colonies.
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21
What are unique characteristics of Oedogonium?
Filamentous green algae with a distinct reproductive structure called an oogonium.
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22
What are unique characteristics of Ulva?
Large green seaweed also known as sea lettuce.
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23
What are the 3 phyla that represent non-vascular plants?
Bryophyta (mosses), Hepaticophyta (liverworts), and Anthocerotophyta (hornworts).
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24
Can you identify a liverwort from a photo?
Yes, liverworts have flattened, lobed structures.
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25
What are gemma cups?
Structures in liverworts that produce gemmae for asexual reproduction.
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26
Can you identify gemma cups in a photo?
Yes, they look like small, cup-shaped structures on the thallus.
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27
Can you identify a hornwort from a photo?
Yes, hornworts have elongated sporophytes resembling horns.
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28
How would you describe the general life cycle of a plant?
Alternation of generations between gametophyte and sporophyte.
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29
What is xylem?
Tissue that transports water and nutrients from roots to leaves.
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30
What is phloem?
Tissue that transports sugars and nutrients throughout the plant.
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31
What are the 4 phyla that represent seedless vascular plants?
Lycophyta, Psilophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pterophyta.
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32
Can you identify Equisetum from a photo?
Yes, Equisetum has jointed stems and is often referred to as horsetail.
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33
What are the round yellow bumps on Psilotum called?
Sori; they contain spores for reproduction.
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34
Where are sori found? Can you identify them in a photo?
Sori are found on the underside of fern fronds.
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35
What is homospory?
Production of one type of spore.
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36
What is heterospory?
Production of two distinct types of spores (microspores and megaspores).
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37
What is the role of a hygroscopic elater?
Helps in spore dispersal by responding to humidity changes.
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38
Can you identify microsporangia and megasporangia in a Selaginella microscope image?
Yes, microsporangia are smaller and produce microspores, while megasporangia are larger.
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39
What is a gymnosperm?
A group of seed-producing plants that produce seeds exposed on cones.
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40
What are the 4 gymnosperm phyla discussed?
Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Coniferophyta.
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41
Can you identify a gymnosperm from a lab photo?
Yes, identification based on cone structure, leaves, and morphology.
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42
What is a conifer?
A type of gymnosperm that produces cones and needle-like leaves.
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43
What is an angiosperm? How does it differ from a gymnosperm?
Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits.
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44
What are the 2 structures unique to angiosperms?
Flowers and fruits.
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45
What is a monocot? What does its vasculature look like?
A type of angiosperm with parallel veins in leaves and scattered vascular bundles.
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46
What is a eudicot? What does its vasculature look like?
A type of angiosperm with net-like veining and vascular bundles arranged in a ring.
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47
Can you identify the different parts of a flower?
Yes, including petals, sepals, stamens, and carpels.
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48
What are the 4 whorls in a flower?
Calyx (sepals), corolla (petals), androecium (stamens), gynoecium (carpels).
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49
What is a gynoecium?
The female reproductive part of a flower, composed of one or more carpels.
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50
What is an androecium?
The male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of stamens.
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51
What are the sterile components of a flower?
Sepals and petals.
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52
What are the infertile components of a flower?
Petals and sepals (do not contribute to reproduction).
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53
What is an incomplete flower?
A flower lacking one or more of the four main whorls.
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54
What is a complete flower?
A flower having all four main whorls: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
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55
What is a perfect flower?
A flower that has both male and female reproductive structures.
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56
What is an imperfect flower?
A flower that lacks either male or female reproductive structures.
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57
Can a flower be incomplete but still be perfect? Why or why not?
Yes, if it has both stamens and carpels but lacks sepals or petals.
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58
What is connation?
Fusion of like structures within a whorl.
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59
What is adnation?
Fusion of unlike structures between different whorls.
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60
What are the types of flower symmetry?
Radial (actinomorphic) and bilateral (zygomorphic).
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61
What are simple, aggregate, and multiple fruits?
Simple fruits develop from one ovary, aggregate fruits from multiple ovaries, and multiple fruits from a cluster of flowers.
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62
What are fleshy and dry fruits?
Fleshy fruits have soft tissue at maturity, while dry fruits are hard or papery.
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63
How would you classify a pineapple?
Multiple fruit.
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64
How would you classify a magnolia?
Simple fruit.
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65
How would you classify a strawberry?
Aggregate fruit.
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66
How would you classify an acorn?
Simple fruit (nut).
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67
How would you classify a maple?
Simple fruit (samara).
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68
How would you classify a tomato?
Fleshy fruit (berry).
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69
How would you classify an orange?
Fleshy fruit (hesperidium).
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70
How would you classify a lemon?
Fleshy fruit (hesperidium).
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71
How would you classify an apple?
Fleshy fruit (pome).
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72
How would you classify a cucumber?
Fleshy fruit (berry).
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73
What is auxin?
A plant hormone that regulates growth and responses to stimuli.
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74
What is apical dominance?
The phenomenon where the main stem grows more dominantly than lateral branches.
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75
How are auxin and apical dominance related?
Auxin promotes apical dominance by inhibiting growth of lateral buds.
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76
What is leaf abscission?
The process of shedding leaves to conserve water and energy.
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77
Can you identify a pruned vs. unpruned plant?
Yes, pruned plants have reduced foliage and branches.
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78
Can you identify a Helianthus stem cross-section image?
Yes, Helianthus (sunflower) has a vascular arrangement typical of dicots.
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79
Can you identify a Ligustrum leaf cross-section image?
Yes, Ligustrum (privet) shows a typical dicot leaf structure.
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80
Can you identify a Ranunculus root cross-section image?
Yes, Ranunculus (buttercup) has distinct vascular patterns.
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81
What is a gibberellin and what do they do?
A class of plant hormones that promote stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering.
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82
How are gibberellins and dwarf mutant plants related?
Dwarf mutant plants often have mutations in gibberellin pathways, leading to reduced growth.
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83
What is etiolation?
The process of plant growth in response to low light conditions.
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84
What are some results of etiolated plants?
Long stems, small leaves, and pale coloration.
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85
Can you identify an etiolated vs. a non-etiolated pea plant image?
Yes, etiolated plants are elongated and pale, while non-etiolated plants are shorter and green.
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86
What is the difference between fungal and plant cell walls?
Fungal cell walls contain chitin, while plant cell walls contain cellulose.
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87
What are hyphae?
Filamentous structures that make up the mycelium of fungi.
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88
What is a mycelium?
The network of hyphae that forms the main body of a fungus.
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89
How do fungi primarily reproduce?
Fungi can reproduce sexually through spore formation or asexually via budding or fragmentation.
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90
What is the general life cycle of a fungus?
Includes stages of plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis to produce spores.
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91
What is the difference between imperfect and perfect fungi?
Imperfect fungi reproduce asexually, while perfect fungi have both sexual and asexual reproductive stages.
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92
What is plasmogamy?
The fusion of cytoplasm from two parent fungal cells.
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93
What is karyogamy?
The fusion of nuclei from two parent cells, leading to diploid stage.
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94
What are features of Phylum Ascomycota?
Includes asci, ascospores, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
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95
What are conidia?
Asexual spores produced by certain fungi, typically found on conidiophores.
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96
What are examples of imperfect fungi?
Penicillium and Aspergillus.
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97
What are features of Phylum Basidiomycota?
Characterized by basidia, basidiospores, and includes mushrooms and puffballs.
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98
What are the 3 types of lichens?
Crustose, foliose, and fruticose; can be identified by their morphology.
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