bio lab 1031 practical 1

How are living organisms classified?

Organisms are classified into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

What are the 3 domains of life?

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

What are the 4 kingdoms of Domain Eukarya?

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

What is the hierarchy of taxa from most inclusive to least inclusive?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

What are general characteristics of protists?

Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, and diverse in form and function.

What is the life cycle of a protist?

Varies widely; may include sexual and asexual reproduction.

What does 'protozoa' mean?

First animals; refers to single-celled eukaryotic organisms.

What are the protozoan phyla discussed in lab?

Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, and Euglenozoa.

What are unique characteristics of Euglena?

Photosynthetic, flagellated, and has a unique eyespot.

What are unique characteristics of Amoeba?

Shape-shifting, uses pseudopodia for movement and feeding.

What are unique characteristics of Paramecium?

Ciliated, slipper-shaped, and reproduces by binary fission.

What are unique characteristics of Plasmodium?

Causes malaria; non-motile and relies on mosquito vectors.

What are the steps to a wet mount procedure for a protist?

1. Place specimen on a slide. 2. Add a drop of water. 3. Lower a cover slip gently.

What does the suffix -phyta mean?

Refers to plants or plant divisions.

What are the 4 protist algal phyla?

Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, and Bacillariophyta.

How can algal phyla names help determine their characteristics?

Names often imply color, structure, and type of chlorophyll.

What are unique characteristics of Chlamydomonas?

Unicellular green algae with flagella and a cup-shaped chloroplast.

What are unique characteristics of Volvox?

Colonial green algae that forms spherical colonies.

What are unique characteristics of Gonium?

Colonial green algae that forms flat plates.

What are unique characteristics of Hydrodictyon?

Form net-like colonies.

What are unique characteristics of Oedogonium?

Filamentous green algae with a distinct reproductive structure called an oogonium.

What are unique characteristics of Ulva?

Large green seaweed also known as sea lettuce.

What are the 3 phyla that represent non-vascular plants?

Bryophyta (mosses), Hepaticophyta (liverworts), and Anthocerotophyta (hornworts).

Can you identify a liverwort from a photo?

Yes, liverworts have flattened, lobed structures.

What are gemma cups?

Structures in liverworts that produce gemmae for asexual reproduction.

Can you identify gemma cups in a photo?

Yes, they look like small, cup-shaped structures on the thallus.

Can you identify a hornwort from a photo?

Yes, hornworts have elongated sporophytes resembling horns.

How would you describe the general life cycle of a plant?

Alternation of generations between gametophyte and sporophyte.

What is xylem?

Tissue that transports water and nutrients from roots to leaves.

What is phloem?

Tissue that transports sugars and nutrients throughout the plant.

What are the 4 phyla that represent seedless vascular plants?

Lycophyta, Psilophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pterophyta.

Can you identify Equisetum from a photo?

Yes, Equisetum has jointed stems and is often referred to as horsetail.

What are the round yellow bumps on Psilotum called?

Sori; they contain spores for reproduction.

Where are sori found? Can you identify them in a photo?

Sori are found on the underside of fern fronds.

What is homospory?

Production of one type of spore.

What is heterospory?

Production of two distinct types of spores (microspores and megaspores).

What is the role of a hygroscopic elater?

Helps in spore dispersal by responding to humidity changes.

Can you identify microsporangia and megasporangia in a Selaginella microscope image?

Yes, microsporangia are smaller and produce microspores, while megasporangia are larger.

What is a gymnosperm?

A group of seed-producing plants that produce seeds exposed on cones.

What are the 4 gymnosperm phyla discussed?

Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Coniferophyta.

Can you identify a gymnosperm from a lab photo?

Yes, identification based on cone structure, leaves, and morphology.

What is a conifer?

A type of gymnosperm that produces cones and needle-like leaves.

What is an angiosperm? How does it differ from a gymnosperm?

Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits.

What are the 2 structures unique to angiosperms?

Flowers and fruits.

What is a monocot? What does its vasculature look like?

A type of angiosperm with parallel veins in leaves and scattered vascular bundles.

What is a eudicot? What does its vasculature look like?

A type of angiosperm with net-like veining and vascular bundles arranged in a ring.

Can you identify the different parts of a flower?

Yes, including petals, sepals, stamens, and carpels.

What are the 4 whorls in a flower?

Calyx (sepals), corolla (petals), androecium (stamens), gynoecium (carpels).

What is a gynoecium?

The female reproductive part of a flower, composed of one or more carpels.

What is an androecium?

The male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of stamens.

What are the sterile components of a flower?

Sepals and petals.

What are the infertile components of a flower?

Petals and sepals (do not contribute to reproduction).

What is an incomplete flower?

A flower lacking one or more of the four main whorls.

What is a complete flower?

A flower having all four main whorls: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

What is a perfect flower?

A flower that has both male and female reproductive structures.

What is an imperfect flower?

A flower that lacks either male or female reproductive structures.

Can a flower be incomplete but still be perfect? Why or why not?

Yes, if it has both stamens and carpels but lacks sepals or petals.

What is connation?

Fusion of like structures within a whorl.

What is adnation?

Fusion of unlike structures between different whorls.

What are the types of flower symmetry?

Radial (actinomorphic) and bilateral (zygomorphic).

What are simple, aggregate, and multiple fruits?

Simple fruits develop from one ovary, aggregate fruits from multiple ovaries, and multiple fruits from a cluster of flowers.

What are fleshy and dry fruits?

Fleshy fruits have soft tissue at maturity, while dry fruits are hard or papery.

How would you classify a pineapple?

Multiple fruit.

How would you classify a magnolia?

Simple fruit.

How would you classify a strawberry?

Aggregate fruit.

How would you classify an acorn?

Simple fruit (nut).

How would you classify a maple?

Simple fruit (samara).

How would you classify a tomato?

Fleshy fruit (berry).

How would you classify an orange?

Fleshy fruit (hesperidium).

How would you classify a lemon?

Fleshy fruit (hesperidium).

How would you classify an apple?

Fleshy fruit (pome).

How would you classify a cucumber?

Fleshy fruit (berry).

What is auxin?

A plant hormone that regulates growth and responses to stimuli.

What is apical dominance?

The phenomenon where the main stem grows more dominantly than lateral branches.

How are auxin and apical dominance related?

Auxin promotes apical dominance by inhibiting growth of lateral buds.

What is leaf abscission?

The process of shedding leaves to conserve water and energy.

Can you identify a pruned vs. unpruned plant?

Yes, pruned plants have reduced foliage and branches.

Can you identify a Helianthus stem cross-section image?

Yes, Helianthus (sunflower) has a vascular arrangement typical of dicots.

Can you identify a Ligustrum leaf cross-section image?

Yes, Ligustrum (privet) shows a typical dicot leaf structure.

Can you identify a Ranunculus root cross-section image?

Yes, Ranunculus (buttercup) has distinct vascular patterns.

What is a gibberellin and what do they do?

A class of plant hormones that promote stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering.

How are gibberellins and dwarf mutant plants related?

Dwarf mutant plants often have mutations in gibberellin pathways, leading to reduced growth.

What is etiolation?

The process of plant growth in response to low light conditions.

What are some results of etiolated plants?

Long stems, small leaves, and pale coloration.

Can you identify an etiolated vs. a non-etiolated pea plant image?

Yes, etiolated plants are elongated and pale, while non-etiolated plants are shorter and green.

What is the difference between fungal and plant cell walls?

Fungal cell walls contain chitin, while plant cell walls contain cellulose.

What are hyphae?

Filamentous structures that make up the mycelium of fungi.

What is a mycelium?

The network of hyphae that forms the main body of a fungus.

How do fungi primarily reproduce?

Fungi can reproduce sexually through spore formation or asexually via budding or fragmentation.

What is the general life cycle of a fungus?

Includes stages of plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis to produce spores.

What is the difference between imperfect and perfect fungi?

Imperfect fungi reproduce asexually, while perfect fungi have both sexual and asexual reproductive stages.

What is plasmogamy?

The fusion of cytoplasm from two parent fungal cells.

What is karyogamy?

The fusion of nuclei from two parent cells, leading to diploid stage.

What are features of Phylum Ascomycota?

Includes asci, ascospores, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

What are conidia?

Asexual spores produced by certain fungi, typically found on conidiophores.

What are examples of imperfect fungi?

Penicillium and Aspergillus.

What are features of Phylum Basidiomycota?

Characterized by basidia, basidiospores, and includes mushrooms and puffballs.

What are the 3 types of lichens?

Crustose, foliose, and fruticose; can be identified by their morphology.