Pathophysiology Chapter 6

Microorganisms

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses

Bacteria is classified as ________ due to the ________ in structure

prokaryotic, simplicity

Bacteria lacks a ________ __________ but has _________ ______ _____ __________

nuclear membrane, complex cell wall structure

Bacteria functions ___________ & _____________

metabolically, reproduces

Pathogen

disease causing microbes often referred to as germs

Many microorganisms are classified as ____________ because they do not usually cause ___________

nonpathogenic, disease

Which microorganism(s) have cell walls?

Bacteria and Fungi

How does bacteria reproduce?

Binary fission

How do viruses reproduce?

Use host cells to replicate components and for assembly

How does fungi reproduce?

Budding and spores and extend hyphae

How does mycoplasma reproduce?

Binary fission

Which microorganism(s) are considered obligate intracellular parasites?

Viruses and some protozoa

Which microorganism(s) contain both DNA and RNA?

Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, and Mycoplamsa

Define bacteria

unicellular organisms that do not require living tissue to survive

What shape is Bacilli?

rod-shaped

What shape is Spirals?

coiled shape or wavy line appearance

What shape is Cocci?

spherical form

Define diplo-

pairs

Define strepo(to)-

chains

Define staph(ylo)-

irregular/grape-like clusters

Define tertrads

Cells grouped into a packet or square of four cells

Define palisade

Cells lying together w/ long sides parallel

Bacteria’s outer ______ ______ for protection; provides ________ ______ and contributes to it’s _____________

cell wall, specific shape, pathogenicity

What are the 2 kinds of cell walls?

gram-positive and gram-negative

Gram-positive and gram-negative differ in the __________ of the __________ in the wall

thickness, peptidoglycan

Gram stain

provides a means of identifying and classifying bacteria

Gram stain is important for selecting ________ ____________ _______

appropriate anti-microbial therapy

What medication works on the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria?

Penicillin

Examples of gram-negative bacteria

Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteridis

Cell membrance is located where in gram-positive organisms?

located inside the bacterial cell wall

Cell membrane is located where in gram-negative organisms?

located on both sides of the cell wall

The external capsule is found in some but not all _________ and found outside the _____ _______ in gram(+) and found outside the ________ ____________ in gram(-)

bacteria, cell wall, outer membrane

The external capsule offers additional __________ to the organism as well as _________ ___ __________

protection, adhesion to surfaces

The external capsule interferes w/ ___________ by __________ and other _______ ________ _________ in the human body

phagocytosis, macrophages, white blood cells

The slime later has similar functions but is less ____________ __________ than a capsule and can be easily __________ off the cell

chemically organized, washed

One or more __________ is attached to the cell wall, providing ________ for some species

flagella, motility

Pili & fimbriae are

tiny hairlike projections found on some bacteria, usually on gram(-)

Pili & fimbriae assist in ____________ of the bacterium to _________ and also allow some organisms to “_____” themselves across surfaces

attachment, tissue, drag

Pili is what

specialized kind of fimbriae that facilitate the transfer of genetic material between some bacterial cells, leading to great genetic variation

What does cytoplasm contain?

chromosomes, ribosomes and RNA, and plasmids

Plasmids

circular DNA fragments that are important in the exchange of genetic information w/ other bacteria

Motility

move independently using metabolic enegy

Plasmids commonly contain ________ __________ conveying _____ __________

genetic information, drug resistance

Bacteria Secretions

toxic substances, toxins, and enzymes

Four kinds of Toxins

exotoxin, endotoxin, enterotoxin, and enzymes

Exotoxins

usually produced by gram(+) bacteria and diffuse through body fluids

Exotoxins can interfere with _________ _____________ and stimulate ___________ or __________ production

nerve conductions, antibody, antitoxin

Toxoids

bacterial toxin that was treated to make it nontoxic but still able to stimulate antibody production

Enterotoxins can stimulate the ___________ center & cause ____________ distress

vomiting, gastrointestinal

Endotoxins

present in the cell wall of gram(-) organisms are are released after the bacterium dies

Endotoxins can cause _______ & ________ ___________ or have serious effects on ___________ ___________

fever, general weakness, circulatory system

Endotoxins can also cause increased __________ _________, loss of _________ ________ and _________ ________

capillary permeability, vascular, endotoxic shock

Enzymes

produced by some bacteria and can be a source of damage to the host tissues or cells

Enzymes assist the bacteria to invade ________ by _________ ________ _______ __________

tissue, breaking down tissue components

Endoscopes

a latent form of the bacterium w a coating that is highly resistant to heat and adverse conditions

Endoscopes can not ___________ in spore form

reproduce

When conditions improve, endospores resume a __________ ________ and reproduce

vegetative state

Viruses

a very small obligate intracellular parasite that requires living host cells for replication

Virion

an extracellular virus particle

Virion consists of a ________ ________ with a core of either ______ or _______

protein coat, DNA, RNA

Virion protein coats comes in many ________ and ________ and undergoes _________ ___________ _________ in the evolution of the virions

shapes, sizes, change relatively quickly

A retrovirus like HIV contain ______ only, plus an ________ to convert ______ into ______ once virus enters ______ _______

RNA, enzyme, RNA, DNA, host cell

Viruses can insert their ______ _____ into the cell membrane of ____ _____

capsid proteins, host cell

Usually, one type of ______ exists with many similar ______ or ______ and tend to ________ during _________

virus, forms, strains, mutate, replication

Some viruses (ex. Influenza or a cold) are composed of ________ _______ from ________ ________ in animals and humans

nucleic acids, differing strains

Viruses can also hide inside ________ _______ and lack their own _________ _________ or _________ that might be attacked by drugs

human cells, metabolic processes, structures

What factors make it difficult for hosts to develop adequate immunity to viruses, whether it’s antibodies or vaccines

-lack of own metabolic process
-can hide in human cells
-mutates very quickly, making it difficult to create antibody
-can cause a host cell to be recognized as viral invaders and get attacked by the immune system
-change rapidly and create new combinations

Certain intracellular viruses can _____ host cell ____________, leading to development of __________ _______ or _______

alter, chromosomes, malignant cells, cancer

How do Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae, and Mycoplasmas replicate by

Binary fission

Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae, and Mycoplasmas lack some ________ _________ and need _______ _________ for __________

basic components, living cells, reproduction

Chlamydiae

considered a primitive form related to bacteria

Chlamydiae lacks many _______ for _________ __________

enzymes, metabolic processes

The Chlamydia Elementary body (EB)

infectious and posses a cell wall and the ability to bind to epithelial cells

The Chlamydia reticulate body (RB)

noninfectious, but uses the host cell to make ATP and reproduce as an obligate intracellular organism

After RB creates a large number of ________ ___________ ___________, new ________ are produced inside host cell and the new ______ change into _______, then __________ the host cells’ __________ to infect more cells

Obligate intracellular organisms, microbes, RBs, EBs, rupturing, membrane

Rickettsiae

tiny gram(-) bacteria that live inside host cell as a obligate intracellular paracite

Rickettsiae are transmitted by

insect vectors, like lice or ticks

RIckettsiae cause dieases such as ________ _________ and _________ _____________ _________ ________ and end up attacking _________ _________, causing a typical _______ and small ___________

typhus fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, blood vessels, rash, small hemorrhages

Mycoplasma

an infection that is a common cause of pneumonia

Mycoplasma lack ______ ______ and aren’t affected by many _____________ ___________, they appear in many ________ and are the __________ cellular microbes

cell walls, antimicrobial drugs, shapes, smallest