BIO 112 FINAL

WE'VE GOT THIS

The theory of evolution by natural selection was independently proposed by which two scientists?

 

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

As humans use more antibiotics to kill off bacteria, bacteria that are not resistant to antibiotics die off leaving a population of bacteria that are mostly resistant to antibiotics. This would be an example of which of the following?

 

Natural selection

Which of the following is not a vestigial structure?

 

spear-like beak of an insect-eating finch

Which of the following would describe the barrier to gene flow that would happen because insects called cicadas emerge from out of the ground in different years?

 

Temporal Isolation

Which of the following is the BEST description of a species?

 

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce a fertile offspring

Which of the following things is considered the strongest piece of evidence to support evolutionary theory by most scientists?

 

DNA/protein sequence evidence

               Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing after a day and then die. These two frog species separate by ________.

reduced hybrid viability

Which of the terms below describe a post zygotic barrier to gene flow in which the offspring can be fertile, but the second generation is feeble or sterile?

hybrid breakdown

Which to the following terms is used by scientists to describe a pattern of speciation that happens rapidly?

punctuated

A group of about 200 people immigrated from a religious community in Germany into the United States to establish a colony of Amish in Pennsylvania. The Amish do not intermarry with outsiders for the most part. The syndrome Ellis-van Creveld, which has a high rate of polydactyly (extra fingers and toes), dwarfism, and congenital heart defects, is much more prevalent among the Amish. The fact that the Amish have a high rate of this syndrome is best explained by which of the following mechanisms?

founders effect

Which of the following chromosome rearrangements would be considered polyploidy?

4n

Which of the following statements describes mechanical isolation prezygotic barrier?

 

two snails have shells that spiral in different directions

Fanconi anemia is a rare recessive blood disorder found in 1 in 160,000 individuals that leads to an increased risk of leukemia. What would the frequency of heterozygotes be in the population? 

p+q =1 and p² +2pq + q²=1

 

0.00499

Reinforcement is most likely to occur when ________

 

hybrids have lower fitness than either parent population

Natural selection acts on the _____ but the fundamental unit of evolution is the _________

 

Individual; population

In a phylogenetic tree, a group that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants is a __________ group.

paraphyletic

What is the focus of the branch of biology called taxonomy?

The classification of life-forms by their similarities and differences.

The binomial system assigns to each organism a unique name that describes its __________.

 

Genus and species

Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family(Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family(Procyonidae). Consequently, the morphological similarities of these two species are probably due to:

analogous structures

The three domains of life are ________, _________ and ________.

 

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

__________ consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

monophyletic group

In phylogeny, if a characteristic is found in the ancestor of a group, it is considered a ____________.

shared ancestral character

When genes are transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus, it is known as _________.

Transduction

A form of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes where viruses transfer genes from one bacterium to another is known as _________. 

 

Transduction

Which phylogenetic model does NOT account for horizontal gene transfer?

 

Classic Tree Model

British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith conducted his experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae and reported the first demonstration of bacterial ___________.

 

Transformation

Which is the first virus to be discovered?

tobacco mosaic virus

Engulfing of aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote by an ancestral eukaryotic cell led to the origin of __________.

mitochondria

Which of the following is NOT an RNA virus?

smallpox virus

When lambda phage DNA is incorporated into the host-cell genome, it is called a _________.

prophage

Which of the following structures would make a bacteria resistant to drought for years.

endospore

Which of the following structures makes a Gram negative bacteria more resistant to many antibiotics than a Gram positive bacteria?

an outer membrane

Which of the following infectious particles consists of just a small circle of RNA and nothing else?

viroid

All protists are _________.

eukaryotic

______ is a protective, resting stage used an adaptive strategy against adverse environmental conditions by some protists.

cysts

Which of the following is the correct term for a microorganism that gets its energy from the sun, but its carbon from eating organic material?

photoheterotroph

Which green algae consists of a single cell with many nuclei?

caulerpa

Which of the listed protists can produce a red tide?

dinoflagellate

Which of the following structures helps a bacteria attach to a surface or to a human host?

fimbriae

Which organelle that is an essential component of all other eukaryotic cells is functionally absent in diplomonads and parabasalids and no longer works?

mitochondria

Which of the following phylum of fungi possesses flagellated spores?

Chytridiomycota

Most fungi are ________.

Saprobes

Yeasts are _________ fungi.

unicellular

The mutualistic association between plant roots and fungi is known as _______.

mycorrhizae

 

Which of the following descriptions best describes the function of phloem in plants?

it carrie sugars from the areas of the plant with the most chlorophyll to areas of the plant that dont make as much sugar

During alternation of generations in plants, which term below is the correct name of the multicellular part of the lifecycle that is 1n?

 

The gametophyte

The club moss and the spike moss aren't true mosses. Instead, they are in which of the following vascular seedless plant phyla?

 

Lycophyta

The clump of sporangium (sporophyte generation) in a fern is found in a structure on the back of the fern leaf called a ______________.

sorus

In ALL plant life cycles, the sporophytes

are diploid plants that produce haploid spores

Which of the following things is FALSE about the gametophyte generation in seed plants?

they would be homosporous

Two of the four categories of Gymnosperms have sperm with flagella. Which of the following Gymnosperms would have a flagellated sperm?

ginko trees

Which germ layer gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract?

endoderm

When fruit is made after fertilization in an Angiosperm, it is derived from which of the following tissues?

ovary

Which of the groups below is not a basal angiosperm clade?

monocots

The main body of a fungus is called which of the following?

 

Mycelium

Which of the following coumpounds would be found as the main component of a fungal cell WALL?

chitin

Which of the following structure DOES NOT form in the gastrula stage?

blastocoel

Which animal has radial symmetry?

sea anemone

Which of the following is a use of carrageenan derived from red algae?

As a thickener in ice cream

If Bacteria in your gut are releasing chemicals that increase healthy Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and you are feeding the bacteria when you eat the correct things, this relationship can be described best as:

mutualistic

Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics/ecological roles are correctly matched?

 

red algae—contain red phycoerythrin accessory pigment

In prokaryotes, new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes, new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are ________.

 

Prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes, dividing quickly

How do non-enveloped viruses typically enter eukaryotic cells?

by direct penetration or endocytosis

What advantage do mixotrophic protists have over strictly autotrophic or heterotrophic protists?

They can switch between photosynthesis and ingestion based on environmental conditions.

Which of the following is an example of a unicellular green alga?

chlamydomonas

Which of the following statements is true about DNA viruses?

DNA viruses are often double-stranded, but can be single-stranded, and replication takes place in the nucleus (in most)

Which of the following correctly describes a photoheterotroph?

 

Obtains energy from light but carbon from organic compounds

___________ is a fungal pathogen that causes ergot on rye.

 

Claviceps purpurea

Which of the following statements about dinoflagellates is correct?

 

Many dinoflagellates live as mutualistic symbionts within corals, providing photosynthetic products to their hosts.

How are bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?

 

In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

During a double fertilization event, one sperm nucleus fuses with the 2 central nuclei (polar nuclei) to form the ________.

endosperm

Unlike almost all ferns, seed plants ________.

 

produce two kinds of spores (heterosporous)

Which of these events, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)?

 

rise and diversification of angiosperms

You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble flagellated animal sperm. To which of the following groups does the fungus belong?

 

chytrids

Fruits are generally derived from which part of an angiosperm?

 

Mature ovary of a flower

When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, humans get a dose of _______ from the salivary glands of the mosquito.

sporozoites

In fungal sexual reproduction, which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events leading to the formation of a diploid zygote?

 

Plasmogamy → Heterokaryotic stage → Karyogamy

What evolutionary event is described in the following scenario?

A severe drought decimates a population of ground squirrels, leaving only a small, random group of individuals to survive and reproduce. This surviving population has significantly less genetic variation than the original population.

bottleneck effect

Which statement about analogies (analogous traits) is correct?

 

They are derived by similar environmental constraints

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries?

gene flow

 A population of rabbits lives in a forest with dark, loamy soil. Initially, the rabbits have a mix of light-brown and dark-brown fur, but due to a mutation, a few rabbits are born with black fur. Over time, a new predator, a hawk with excellent vision, moves into the area. After several generations, the population is predominantly composed of black-furred rabbits. What is the most likely reason for this change in the rabbit population?

The hawks preferred to eat the light-brown and dark-brown rabbits, which were more visible against the dark soil.

If one pine tree makes staminate cones (male) with pollen grains in the spring, and the other pine trees with ovulate cones (female) have ovules that are viable only in the fall, this would be an example of _________.

temporal isolation

Which of these things is NOT an assumption that must be made in order to apply the Hardy Weinberg principle?

There is selective pressure happening

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection?

Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable.
Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success.
Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.

1 and 2

In plants, violet flower color (V) is dominant over white (v). If p = 0.8 and q = 0.2 in a population of 500 plants, how many plants would you expect to have violet flowers, and how many would have white flowers? (p is the frequency of dominant allele and q is the frequency of recessive allele. p+q =1 and p² +2pq + q²=1)

 

480 plants will have violet flowers and 20 plants will have white flowers

Which of the following best describes the evolution of one species into two or more species as a result of different populations becoming reproductively isolated from each other?

Adaptive radiation

The origin of a new plant species by hybridization, coupled with accidents during nuclear division, is an example of

 

Sympatric speciation

What do all protostomes have in common?

 

The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth

Cnidocytes have large stinging organelles called ________, which contain barbs at the base of a long coiled thread.

Nematocysts

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?

 

Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction

Which animal among the following is NOT an anthropoid?

lemurs

Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey?

a well developed notochord

A gastrovascular cavity with one opening is present in both ______ and _______.

 

Cnidarians, flatworms

Smaller endothermic mammals such as mice have a_________ basal metabolic rate than larger ones such as elephants.

higher

The embryonic tissue layer called endoderm

forms in the gastrula stage

Which of the following feature is ABSENT in mammals?

gills

Which of the following combinations correctly matches a phylum to its description?

 

Echinodermata—bilateral symmetry as a larva, water vascular system

natural selection acts on the ______ but the fundamental unit of evolution is the

individual;population

two organisms that are in the same class must also be in the same

phylum

the geologist who proposed gradualism is

james hutton