Industrial Revolution Test

What are some characteristics of Capitalism and Communism?

Capitalism:

• no government involvement

• businesses operate to make a profit

• opposed efforts to help poor workers

• Thought that minimum wage laws and better working conditions would mess up the free market system and lower profits

Communism:

• classless society

• thought that workers sharing the profit would bring economic equality for everyone

• factors of production owned by the people

• no private property

• shared goods and services

Socialism

• the factors of production are owned by the public (aka government) and operate for the welfare of all

• goal was to end poverty and promote equality

• there is still private property

• government would control key industries and plan the economy

Urbanization

city building and the movement of people to cities

Industrialization

• the increased output of machine-made goods

• began in England in the mid-1700s (mid 18th century)

• spread from England to continental Europe and North America

• At first it spread via the cottage system - going from one house to another

• factories slowly developed and became the symbol of the new industrial age

Communism/Marx

• a form of complete/radical socialism in which the means of production - all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses - would be owned by the government

• Marx thought that workers sharing the profit would bring economic equality for all

• Marx believed a communist revolution would take place:

  • Proletariats (workers) vs. Bourgeoisie (employers)

    • 1. proletariats would overthrow the bourgeoisie

    • 2. “dictator of the proletariat”

    • 3. government would wither away (good thing?)

• no private property

• shared goods and services

• classless society

Strikes

workers were able to go on strike after they formed labor unions

Factory Act, Mines Act, Abolition

Factory Act: made it illegal to hire children under the age of 9, children from the ages of 9 to 12 could not work for more than 8 hours a day, and young people from the ages of 13 to 17 could not work for more than 12 hours a day

Mines Act: prevented women and children from working underground

Abolition: led by the Parliament of Great Britain, passed a bill to end slave trade

Agricultural Revolution

• dramatic improvement in farming methods

• enclosures (fences and hedges around farms) allowed for farmers to experiment with farming methods but they displaced small farmers so they moved to cities for new jobs

• crop rotation: planted fields with different crops to restore nutrients

• live stock breeding: bred only the “meatiest” animals

• led to increased population (who can work and demand more goods)

Crop Rotation

• planted fields with different crops to restore nutrients

• it rotated the crops rather than the fields so all areas were used for food production (more food!)

Unions

• voluntary associations of workers

• formed to press for reforms

• could go on strike

• engaged in collective bargaining to negotiate with management for better conditions/pay

Enclosures

• aka fences and hedges around farms

• allowed for farmers to experiment with farming methods

• displaced small farmers so they moved to cities to look for new jobs

Capitalism/Smith

• an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit

• Laissez-Faire: letting business owners act without government interference (it means leave be, let do)

• no government involvement

• Smith’s three natural laws: self interest, competition, and demand)

Factors of Production

• capital: the money available to invest

• entrepreneurship: a person who risks their money to invest in an idea or product

• land: the natural resources available

• labor: the people who are able to do work

• remember them as CELL

Laissez-Faire

• letting business owners act without government interference

• it means leave be, let do

• part of capitalism

How did the Agricultural Revolution lead to the Industrial Revolution?

• food supply increase → population increase → less people needed to farm and they moved to cities to search for new jobs

• enclosures were invented which pushed out farmers

• now that more people were in the city, it allowed for a large workforce to work in factories

What were the major inventions?

telephone, typewriter, spinning mule, steamboat, dynamite, lightbulb, maxim gun, power loom, telegraph, camera, cotton gin, railroad

Telephone

• instant communication

• sped up businesses

• created new jobs

• solved the problem of isolation

• connected people without leaving the house

• sped up delivery because people can now make magazines and people can call in to place orders

Typewriter

• legible text for business purposes

• efficient writing

• more time to take care of kids

• sped up record keeping in businesses

• created jobs - typists

Spinning Mule

• created clothes efficiently

• can spin lots of yarn at once

• led to development of factories because the machine was too big for homes

• moving to cities disrupted family life

Steamboat

• propels against water

• carries crops and materials

• moves faster than sailboats

• efficient delivery

• can deliver via bodies of water

• lower prices

• rise to immigration because of fast transportation

• can go against currents

Dynamite

• helps with mining and construction

• creates paths through bedrock

• fast way to clear spaces

• jobs opportunities - miners

• helps businesses expand

• potential hazards

Lightbulb

• burns longer and is brighter than any candle

• allows people to stay up longer

• allows factories to be productive longer

  • more money!

  • longer hours ☹

• people can type by a light bulb instead of by candlelight

• creates light while its dark out

• safer than candles - no flames

Maxim Gun

• auto-reloading system using recoil

• 11 rounds per second

• faster loading

• revolutionizes modern weapons

• smaller armies

• smokeless powder = easier sight

• advantages for armies that have one

Power Loom

• precise

• automatically weaved cloth

• uses steam power

• causes economic growth

• uses child labor

• takes jobs from skilled workers

• more factory jobs

• doesn’t need skilled workers

• can clog easily

Telegraph

• quick and easy communication

• Morse code messages

• starts use of telegrams

• original texting service

• expensive

• business, railroad, and sailor communication

• almost instantaneous communication

Camera

• saves memories/history

• lightweight

• simple

• affordable

• easily accessible

• easier photos

• manufacturing jobs

Cotton Gin

• separates seeds from cotton

• cheaper made fabric and clothing

• more and easier cotton production

• increases slavery

Railroad

• basically a steamboat on land

• increased jobs

• faster shipments and products

• carries people as well as materials

• carries goods that horses can’t

• more travel opportunities

• faster way to travel

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

England had…

• the factors of production necessary to produce goods

Land:

• water power and coal (fuel machines)

• iron ore (construct machines, roads, and buildings)

• rivers (for inland transportation)

• harbors (from which merchants set sail)

Labor:

• large labor force because of the agricultural revolution

Capital:

• expanding economy and banking system made it possible for people to have money or borrow money to invest

What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Industrial Revolution?

Advantages:

• dramatic increase in the amount and variety of goods produced

• standard of living was raised

• people given the right to form unions and go on strike improved working conditions and made the workplace safer

• factories provided new job opportunities for thousands of people

• more people received a better education

• established standards of workmanship - raised quality of consumer goods

• textile factories turned out fine clothing that people could afford

• consumers had an easier time obtaining goods

• people in the middle and upper classes enjoyed better diets, suffered from less disease, and lived longer lives

• inexpensive goods were produced for customers

Disadvantages:

• air and water pollution

• factory workers had to be on the job 6 days a week

• machines forced workers to work faster and without rest periods

• cities became overcrowded and living conditions deteriorated

• men were poorly paid and women and children made even less

• most factory workers were unable to read or write because they had no time to go to school

• factory work was boring

• many children had to work 10-14 hours a day

• a typical day for workers was 12-14 hours and they had very little leisure time

Why were some countries slower to industrialize?

• some countries lacked resources

• transportation was hard with mountains and such

• hostile towards western ways

What were some reform efforts during the Industrial Revolution?

• factory act

• mines act

• 10 hours act

• abolition of slavery

• women’s rights