Cellular Energetics

Active Site

Binds to substrate during enzyme activity.

Peristalsis

A process that moves food bolus through the digestive tract.

Epiglottis

A flap that prevents food from entering the trachea.

Liver

Produces bile to help digest fats.

Large Intestine (Colon)

Absorbs water and minerals through mechanical processes.

Small Intestine

Absorbs nutrients through chemical processes.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The energy currency of the cell, consisting of three phosphates.

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

A molecule with two phosphates that is a broken down form of ATP.

Exergonic

Releases energy; chemical bonds are broken

Endergonic

Uses energy; chemical bonds are created; yields high energy products

Metabolism

All of the cell's chemical reactions.

Enzymes

They speed up essential chemical reactions.

Induced fit

The enzyme tightens around the substrate, weakening it

Activation Energy

Enzymes lowers the energy need to breakdown polymers and monomers

Feedback inhibition

Regulates enzyme productivity by binding the final product to an allosteric site

Denaturation

The enzyme loses it shape and function

Cofactors

Non-protein enzyme helpers, usually minerals

Coenzyme

Organic cofactor, most vitamens act ascoenzymes

Gene mutations

Changes in amino acid composition of an enzyme

Natural selection

New environmental conditions where a novel form of enzyme may be favored

Types of digestion

Mechanical and chemical

Mouth

Breaks down food with teeth and saliva

Amylase

Breaks down starch

esophagus

Moves bolus using peristalsis

peristalsis

muscle contractions

Stomach

Churns digestive juices to break down macromolecules

Proteases

Enzymes that break down proteins

Processed food bolus

chyme

Pancreas

Produces proteases, nucleases, lipases, amylases, and alkaline solution

Liver

Produces bile to help emulsify fat

Gallbladder

Stores bile from the liver, releases it into the small intestine

Mitochondria

Performs cellular respiration to make ATP

Prokaryotic

Don’t possess membrane-bound organelles or a membrane-bound nucleus

Eukaryotic

Membrane-bound organelles and nucleus

Membrane-bound organelles

Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lyposomes, Vacuoles, Peroxisomes, Cytoskeleton, Cellular junctions, Cell wall

Aquaporins

Specific channels that allows waters to pass through

Attachment Proteins

Help support the membrane

Receptor proteins

Relay messages by activating other molecules

Junction proteins

Form intercellular junctions with adjacent cells

Glycoproteins

Serve as ID tags

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from a high to low concentration

Passive transport

Solute particles continue to move until equilibrium is reached

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion using a facilitator protein to act as a channel

Active Transport

Cells move against the concentration gradient

Endocytosis

Takes in large particles by engulfing them in a vesicle, which then turns into a pouch

Exocytosis

A vesicle transports the substance to the surface and fuses witht he membrane to release its contents

Types of Endocytosis

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor Mediated Endocytosis