Public health 203 midterm quiz questions

True or False? Cross-sectional studies may be used to formulate hypotheses that can be followed up in analytic studies.

True or False? Cross-sectional studies may be used to formulate hypotheses that can be followed up in analytic studies.

true

Hill's criteria of causality include
Select one:
A. Strength
B. Consistency
C. Temporality
D. Biological gradient
E. All of the above

E. all of the above

The limitations of environmental epidemiology include the fact that
Select one:
A. Accurate assessment of exposure is difficult.
B. Environmentally associated diseases often have low incidence and prevalence.
C. Long latency periods often occur between initial exposures and disease outcomes.
D. The effects of exposures are often non-specific.
E. All of the above.

E. all the above

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as
Select one:
A. Incident cases
B. Prevalent cases
C. The population at risk
D. The immune fraction
E. None of the above

C. the population at risk

Examples of purely observational epidemiologic studies do not usually include
Select one:
A. Experimental studies
B. Cohort studies
C. Counts
D. Case series
E. Cross-sectional studies

A. experimental studies

Which of the following statements is true about cohort studies?
Select one:
A. Subjects are classified according to their exposure.
B. They are a type of longitudinal design.
C. They may be either prospective or retrospective.
D. The measure of association is called relative risk.
E. All of the above

E. all the above

Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations Relative to
Select one:
A. Was the father of modern biostatistics
B. Established postulates for transmission of infectious disease
C. Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments
D. Argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria
E. Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

E. was a Lodon surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

Environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic triangle). What statement below is true about the triangle?
Select one:
A. Agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides.
B. The environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist.
C. The host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent.
D. Disease causality includes three major factors: agent, host, and environment.
E. All of the above are true.

E. all of the above are true

During April, 2009, a Texas community reported 87 cases of H1N1 associated influenza. Ultimately, 9 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 4 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was:
Select one:
A. 13/97 × 100
B. 4/9 × 100
C. 9/87 × 100
D. 13/87 × 100
E. 4/87 × 100

C. 9/87 x 100

During 2005, 1000 people in the town of Smoking Loon had a clinical diagnosis of lung cancer. Of these 1000 people, 200 were newly documented cases of lung cancer. What is the incidence of lung cancer during 2005 in the town of Smoking Loon?
Select one:
A. 200/total population of Smoking Loon
B. 200/total population of cancer cases
C. 1000/total population of Smoking Loon
D. 1200/total population of cancer cases
E. 200/total population that died from lung cancer

A. 200/total population of Smoking loon

Specific examples of xenobiotics are
Select one:
A. Antibiotics
B. Therapeutic drugs
C. Dioxins
D. PCBs
E. All of the above

E. all of the above

Once a chemical is absorbed into the body, it usually resides in the tissue where it entered.
Select one:
True
False

false

The concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by
Select one:
A. Route of entry into the body
B. Received dose of the chemical
C. Duration of exposure
D. Individual sensitivity
E. All of the above Correct

E. all of the above

if grapefruit juice diminishes the effectiveness of prescription medicine, then what kind of interaction is occurring?
Select one:
A. Synergism
B. Potentiation Incorrect
C. Antagonism
D. Additive
E. Coalitive

C. antagonism

Hazard identification refers to the question of
Select one:
A. What are the health effects that this agent can cause?
B. What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans?
C. What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions?
D. What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population?
E. None of the above.

A. what are the health effects that this agent can cause?

Subacute exposures are those that last for
Select one:
A. Less than 24 hours and occur once
B. Less than 24 hours and occur more than once
C. One month or less
D. One to three months
E. More than three months

C. one month or less

Which of the following abbreviations is used to describe toxic effects of chemicals?
Select one:
A. VOCs
B. TLV
C. TFR
D. AQI
E. LD50

E. LD50

One of the founders of toxicology was
Select one:
A. Socrates
B. Theophrastus
C. Claudius
D. Da Vinci
E. Paracelsus

E. Paracelsus

What are "work-horse" organs for metabolism in the body?
Select one:
A. Kidney
B. Brain
C. Liver
D. Heart
E. Both A and C

E. both A and C

Direct adverse effects of xenobiotics do not include
Select one:
A. Cell replacement
B. Interference with nutrition
C. Damage to an enzyme system
D. Disruption of protein synthesis
E. DNA damage

B. interference with nutrition

What problem may be encountered in the assessment/evaluation stage?
Select one:
A. Lack of sound scientific data
B. Inability to coordinate and assess research information
C. Poorly defined problems
D. Lack of government support
E. Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

A. lack of sound scientific data

Which of the following is not covered under the Endangered Species Act?
Select one:
A. Mammals
B. Crustaceans
C. Insects
D. Trees
E. All are covered

E. all are covered

Which of the following aspects is not included in the built environment?
Select one:
A. City buildings
B. Undeveloped land
C. Parks
D. Roads
E. A, C, D

B. undeveloped land

The concept of environmental justice specifies that
Select one:
A. Immigrants can receive higher exposures to pesticides if their economic welfare is improved.
B. Industries can bypass environmental regulations in order to preserve their economic interests.
C. All people must receive fair treatment in the enforcement of environmental laws.
D. Decision-makers do not need to seek out the involvement of community members.
E. All of the above.

C. all people must receive fair treatment in the enforcement of environmental laws

What problem may be encountered in the problem definition stage?
Select one:
A. Lack of sound scientific data
B. Inability to coordinate and assess research information
C. Poorly defined problems
D. Lack of government support
E. Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C. poorly defined problems

The polluter-pays principle states that
Select one:
A. A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures.
B. A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment.
C. Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment.
D. All people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies.
E. None of the above.

A. a polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

What problem may be encountered in the policy establishment stage?
Select one:
A. Lack of sound scientific data
B. Inability to coordinate and assess research information
C. Poorly defined problems
D. Lack of government support
E. None of the above

B. the inability to coordinate and assess research information

The agency responsible for environmental regulation at the international level is the
Select one:
A. EPA
B. WHO
C. NIOSH
D. ATSDR
E. NIEHS

B. WHO

What is required of a person/group conducting a Health Impact Assessment?
Select one:
A. Completion of certification training
B. Online coursework
C. masters of public health degree
D. medical degree
E. none of the above

E. none of the above

A state can choose to have air quality standards that are more stringent than the federal air quality standards.
Select one:
True
False

True

Methods for transmission of zoonotic pathogens include
Select one:
A. Contact with the skin
B. Bite or scratch of an animal
C. Direct inhalation
D. Ingestion of contaminated foods
E. All of the above

E. all of the above

The vector for the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States is
Select one:
A. Wild birds
B. Rodents
C. Snakes
D. Coyotes
E. None of the above

B. rodents

The causative agent for lymphatic filariasis is a type of
Select one:
A. Bacterium
B. Virus
C. Rickettsial agent
D. Microscopic worm
E. Prion

D. microscopic worm

Arborviral diseases
Select one:
A. Refer to arthropod-borne viral diseases
B. Can produce central nervous system illness
C. Are most often spread by mosquitoes
D. May produce polyarthritis and rash
E. All of the above

E. all of the above

The term "abortive" hydrophobia refers to a case that
Select one:
A. Required an abortion in order to survive
B. Recovered without receiving intensive care
C. Was caused by Francisella tularensis
D. Also experienced co-morbidity with monkeypox
E. None of the above

B. recovered without receiving intensive care

How does West Nile Virus spread?
Select one:
A. Through bites of infected mosquitos
B. Through touching (human-to-human)
C. Through transfusions and transplants
D. A and B
E. A and C

E. A and C

The infectious agent for plague is a
Select one:
A. Bacterium
B. Virus
C. Rickettsial agent
D. Parasite
E. Prion

A. bacterium

How does weather and climate affect vector-borne diseases?
Select one:
A. Changes in temperature can change the rate of vector population growth.
B. Changes in precipitation can change the availability of larval habitat.
C. Both climate and temperature can alter vector survival.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.

D. all of the above

Methods for the control of mosquito-borne diseases include
Select one:
A. Monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds
B. Removing standing water around the home
C. Use of mosquito-eating fish
D. None of the above
E. All of the above

E. all of the above

A scientist was recently awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine and credited with saving over 3 million lives from malaria since 2000. What drug did she identify?
Select one or more:
A. Avermectin
B. Artemisinin
C. Diethylcarbamazine
D. Doxycycline
E. Fenbendazole

B. artemisinin

A disease that causes the conjunctiva to appear white is
Select one:
A. Jaundice
B. Dermatitis
C. Anemia
D. Conjunctivitis
E. None of the above

C. anemia

An agent that causes malformations in a developing fetus is known as what?
Select one:
A. Bioaccumulator
B. Collagen
C. Carcinogen
D. Mutagen
E. Teratogen

E. teratogen

One of the most frequent methods of exposure to beryllium is
Select one:
A. Workers' inhalation of beryllium in metal processing industries
B. Via wounds in the skin
C. Via direct skin contact
D. Through ingestion
E. Workers' inhalation of beryllium in the meat packing industry

A. Workers' inhalation of beryllium in metal processing industries

The EPA standard for the amount of arsenic permitted in drinking water is
Select one:
A. 50 µg per liter
B. 30 µg per liter
C. 10 µg per liter
D. 20 µg per liter
E. 40 µg per liter

C. 10 µg per liter

Lead exposure can arise from
Select one:
A. Lead paint used in toys
B. Certain types of pottery
C. Lead paint of windows in old houses
D. Tap water from soldered pipes
E. All of the above

E. all of the above

Substances on the National Priorities List (United States) have the following characteristics
Select one:
A. They have known or suspected toxicity.
B. They have potential for human exposure.
C. They appear frequently in uncontrolled or abandoned waste sites.
D. They are scheduled for possible remediation under Superfund.
E. All of the above

E. all of the aboce

Hemochromatosis is associated with excessive buildup of
Select one:
A. Chromium
B. Mercury
C. Copper
D. Manganese
E. Iron

E. iron

Itai-itai disease was a form of poisoning related with
Select one:
A. Chromium
B. Cadmium
C. Copper
D. Arsenic
E. None of the above

B. Cadmium

Which heavy metal caused the largest mass poisining of the population in history?
Select one:
A. Copper
B. Aluminium
C. Arsenic
D. Iron
E. None of above

C. arsenic

All of the following are true for hexavalent chromium except:
Select one:
A. Known carcinogen if inhaled
B. Can be converted to chromium (III) in the acidic environment of the stomach
C. Does not cause respiratory problems
D. Skin ulcers can occur from application to the skin
E. Current federal drinking water standards are under debate

C. Does not cause respiratory problems