attribution theory
we can attribute the behavior to the person’s stable enduring traits or we can attribute it to the situation
fundamental attribution error
tendency to underestimate the power of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition (ex. you blame a driver for being a careless person for braking early but there was a duck crossing the road)
self-serving bias
we take credit for success but deny responsibility for failure
self-fulfilling prophecy
one’s belief coming true (ex. believing you’ll fail the test and then you actually fail rip)
peripheral route of persuasion
using attention-getting cues to trigger emotion-based judgements (ex. putting BTS on an ad)
central route of persuasion
offering evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking and likely to cause lasting change (ex. buy milk because it’s healthy)
foot in the door phenomenon
tendency for people to comply with a larger request after they have agreed to a small request
Asch study
investigated how much social pressure it took for a person to conform by purposely getting everyone except the naive participant to say the wrong line that matches with the given line
Milgram study
tested participant’s defiance or obedience to authority to shock the learner
cognitive dissonance
when we are aware that our attitudes and actions don’t coincide, resulting in tension and anxiety (ex. I smoke to relax but I know I can get cancer)
deindividuation
loss of self-awareness and restraint in a group, we feel anonymous in a group
social facilitation
strong performance in the presence of others (ex. Lost at Sea activity)
social loafing
tendency to exert less effort in a group task (ex. Tug-of-War)
ingroup
people we share common identity with
outgroup
“them”, people different from us
groupthink
Mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives (lack of dissent)
group polarization
enhancement of group’s prevailing inclinations through group discussions (ex. group of anti-racists talking together and become more anti-racist)
explicit prejudice
direct and aware about having a negative attitude toward a group (ex. publicly saying racist comments)
implicit prejudice
indirect and unaware/systematic prejudice (ex. landlord does background checks on African Americans than Caucasians)
proximity
physical closeness can increase attraction
similarity
the more similar you are to the person, the longer you like them
self-disclosure
sharing intimate details brings you closer
mere exposure effect
repeated exposure increases liking of a person
frustration-aggression principle
aversive stimuli can evoke hostility (ex. hot temperatures, physical pain, etc.)
bystander effect
tendency to be less likely to give aid if there are other bystanders present
diffusion of responsibility
when multiple people are present, each individual feels less of a responsibility for the situation
social exchange theory
social relationships are an exchange in which a participant tries to maximize benefits and minimize costs
reciprocity norm
our expectation that people will help us if we help them
social responsibility norm
one should assist those in need when possible
superordinate goal
get people from opposing sides to come together and work toward a common end result