Dante's Inferno: Circle 7, Fraud, and Violence Key Concepts

what is the difference between the two types of fraud?

ordinary fraud: conning humans in general

treacherous fraud: betraying those who have more reason for trusting you (family, country, guests, benefactors)

what is usury,, and how, according Dante, is it a sin particularly against God?

usurers (loan-sharks) lend money at crazy high interest rates, usually to desperate people, defy God's two intended sources of wealth, natural resources and hard work

what does circle 7 ring contain

the sins of violence

what is the fourth barrier/third river

phlegethon

who are the sinners in circle 7 ring 1

murderers, tyrants, and war mongers

what is the punishment in circld 7 ring 1

swim in river of boiling blood

what is the contrapasso of circle 7 ring 1

bloody deeds-bloody afterlife

what do dante and virgil encounter inc ircle 7 r 1

a rockslide-caused by the earthquake at the crucifixion

who guards the violent in c7 r1

centaurs-to make sure they stay at the proper level of the river

who is chiron

the leader of the centaurs and less savage

who is nessus

a centaur who guides virgil and dante across c7 r1

what is special about the river in c7 r1

there are deeper parts for worse murderers

who is in circle 7 r2

violence against self

what are the sins in c7 r2

suicides and squanderers

what are the punishments in c7 r2

turned into thorny trees and hounded and torn apart by dogs

what is the contrapasso for c7 r2

suicides: discarded their bodies in life and now are motionless trees, at the end of time they wil not get their bodies back

squanderers: mimics doing violence to wealth and courting a violent death

what happens when Dante breaks off a twig from one of the trees?

the soul could talk

why is dante puzzled in canto xiii

he hears the moans from the trees, but cannot see the souls

who is in c7 r3

those who are violent toward God and nature

what is the general punishment for c7 r3

scorching desert/rain of fire

who is in c7 r3 z1

blasphemers (curse God-directly violent)

what is the punishment in c7 r3 z1

lying faceup on the fiery sands

what is the contrapasso of c7 r3 z1

looking up at what they cursed

what is described in c7 r3 z1

the statue of Old Man Crete

what is old man crete from?

- king nebuchadnezzar's dream in the book of Daniel (gold, silver, brass, iron, clay)

- his tears form the 4 rivers of hell

what does old man of crete represent?

the declining ages of man

who is in c7 r3 z2

sodomites: homosexual or bestiality relations (indirectly violent); disobey "be fruitful and multiply" command

what is the punishmnet in c7 r3 z2

endlessly crossing fiery sands; cannot sstop moving or punished with 100 years of stillness

what is the contrapasso in c7 r3 z2

similar to the rain of fire from sodom and gomorrah

sodom and gomorrah

any place associated with wickedness or sin

- two cities that God destroyed in genesis because of sodomy (sexual immorality)

who does danto see in c7 r3 z2

ser brunetto (old friend and mentor)

why does virgil toss dante's belt into a ravine?

Virgil tosses Dante's belt into the ravine (specifically, a great abyss at the edge of the seventh circle of Hell) to signal and summon the monster Geryon, which they need for transportation to the eighth circle.

who was Ser Brunetto and why is he in hell? Why is Dante surprised to see him there?

A respected mentor and teacher. He's surprised because up to now he's only seen strangers or enemies in Hell. Personal feelings do not change God's view of right and wrong, but between humans, Dante owes Brunetto a debt of gratitude.

What about Dante attracts the souls' attention in Canto XVI

dante's florentine clothing

Why do the shades form a "moving wheel" in Canto XVI?f

If they stop running they must stay still for 100 years and not dodge the fire. They circle up and run, so they can have the conversation without stopping.

what is the sin in c7 r3 z3

usurers, loan sharks who charge crazy-high interest rates, indirectly violent (pervert wealth and exploit the poor)

what is the punishment in c7 r3 z3

crouched on the fiery sands with money around their neck with family crest on it

what is the contrapasso of c7 r3 z3

crouched like a greedy moneylender counting gold

what two allusions to other flights in greek mythology does dante make

- phaethon and icarus

phaethon

son of the sun god helios who drove his dad's chartio and lost control

icarus

flew too close to the sun on the wax and feather wings his father, daedalus made to help them escape the labyrinth fell to his death

what is circle 8 bolgia 1 also called and what does it contain

malebolge means evil pouches

sins of ordinary fraud

bolgia means pouches

who is in c8 b1+2

panderers/pimps/sex-traffickers and seducers

what is the punishment in c8 b1+2

scourged by horned demons

what is the contrapasso in c8 b1

as they goaded others to their own foul purposes, so they are goaded in death

who is in c8 b2

flatterers

what is the punishment in c8 b2

immersed in human excrement/poop

what is the contrapasso of c8 b2

their false words were full of crap and now they wallow in it. Also, butt-kissers now wallow in poop