Liquids

Flint/ Colorless glass container

light transmission above 300 nm.

Amber/ Light resistant glass container

light transmission above 470 nm

1. pH

2. Temperature

3. Concentration of the Reactants

4. Light or Radiation

5. Packaging Components

Instability as a technical problem may be caused by the following conditions:

○ Glass

○ Plastic

○ Metal

○ Rubber

Container Components

● Soda lime glass

● Borosilicate glass

decreasing the soda content in the glass

Type 1

Highly Resistant Borosilicate Glass

Type 2

Treated Soda Lime Glass

Type 3

Soda lime Glass for Dry Products

Type 4

General Purpose Soda lime Glass

Type 4

not for parenterals use; suitable only for tablets, capsules, suspensions, ointments and extractives.

Type 3

suitable for anhydrous parenterals liquids or dry substances

Type 2

treated with sulfur dioxide; suitable for parenterals solutions, which is buffered; has a pH below 7; not reactive with the glass

Type 1

generally suitable for all parenterals

SiO2 + B2O3

Type 1 Constituent:

POWDERED GLASS TEST

WATER ATTACK TEST

TEST FOR GLASS CONTAINERS

POWDERED GLASS TEST

Performed on ground or powdered glass to expose internal surface

POWDERED GLASS TEST

Tests the leaching potential of the glass

0.02 N sulfuric acid

POWDERED GLASS TEST

Alkali treated with

WATER ATTACK TEST

Exposure of the glass with sulfur dioxide at 121°C

WATER ATTACK TEST

Specifically performed with TYPE II GLASS.

Polyethylene

Polystyrene

Polypropylene

Polyvinyl chloride

Polyethylene terephthalate

PLASTIC CONTAINERS

Polyethylene terephthalate

● For beverages

● Have transparency and luster

● Gamma radiation sterilization

Polyvinyl chloride

● Rigid and has good clarity

● Used for blister packaging

● CARCINOGENIC

Polypropylene

autoclavable

Polyethylene

● Cannot be autoclaved - it will melt

● Low density = droppers and sprays

● High density = solid oral preparations

PLASTIC CONTAINERS

These are high molecular weight polymers,

ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS

Taste (flavoring)

Appearance depends on the color and clarity.

1. Selection

2. Evaluation

The process of choosing flavoring agents may be divided

into two major categories, such as:

Physical stability

shown by the maintenance of the physical properties such as the color, clarity, taste, viscosity and odor throughout its shelf life or until the expiry date is reached.

Chemical stability

also considered in the formulation because the instability is magnified in solution as against solid and suspension systems.

Co-solvents

may be used in the formulation of aqueous liquid, such as alcohol, sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol

1. Solubility

2. Stability

3. Organoleptic characteristics

4. Preservatives

5. Sweetening agents

6. Viscosity

To avoid problems on formulation of liquids, the following considerations should be studied:

● Co-solvency

● pH control

● Solubilization

● Complexation

● Hydrotrophy

● Chemical Modification of the drug

SPECIAL TECHNIQUES REQUIRED FOR POORLY SOLUBLE DRUGS

METAL CONTAINERS

Disperse systems having a consistency of a soft paste, gel, cream, or ointment can be conveniently packed into “collapsible tubes”

a. Tin

b. plastic coated tin

c. tin-coated lead

d. Aluminum

e. plastic coated aluminum

METAL CONTAINERS commonly made of

○ Collapsible polyethylene bags

○ Collapsible plastic tubes

○ Plastic film

○ Plastic vials

○ Compact type container

Variety of dosage forms maybe found packaged in plastic containers, such as:

Saccharin

250 to 500 x sweeter than sucrose

Cyclamates

15 to 30 x sweeter than sucrose

LIQUID GLUCOSE

is an extremely sweet viscous substance, which imparts both body (viscosity) and sweetness to liquid formulations

SUSPENSIONS

It is a disperse system in which solid, vehicle-insoluble particles (internal phase) are uniformly suspended by mechanical agitation and formulation design throughout the liquid vehicle (external phase).

The continuous phase

also called the external phase or dispersion system. (medium used)

The discontinuous phase

also called the internal phase or dispersed phase (insoluble phase)

Sustaining effect

Stability

Taste

Basic solubility

PURPOSES OF SUSPENSION

AI+3, Fe+3, and Ca+2 are done.

If high concentrations of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)

are used, incorporation of

PVP, methylcellulose and sodium CMC

Viscosity controlling agents are