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Organelle

"Small organs" of the cell that carry out specific functions

Nucleus

"Brain" of the cell, control center; Contains DNA (genetic material)

Mitochondria

"Powerhouse" or "Energy producer"; makes ATP through cell respiration

Vacuole

"warehouse," stores food, water, waste; larger in plant cells

Ribosome

Assembles amino acids into proteins.

Endoplasmic reticulum

"Cell highway", transports goods and materials throughout the cell, 2 types

Golgi body

"Quality control", Modifies and Processes proteins made by the cell.

Cell Wall

Gives support and protection to cell; made of cellulose in plants.

Cell Membrane

"Border control", controls what comes in and out of the cell; maintains homeostasis

Chloroplasts

Where photosynthesis occurs; in plant cells only

Central vacuole

Plant cells have large one to store water.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance the cell organelles float in

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

What is the energy product regenerated in fermentation?

ATP

4 ATP

How many total ATP are created during Glycolysis?

matrix of mitochondria

location of krebs cycle

cytoplasm

location of glycolysis

pyruvic acid

the three-carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis

equation of cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --\> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Equation of alcoholic fermentation

pyruvic acid + NADH --\> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

Equation of lactic acid fermentation

pyruvic acid + NADH --\> lactic acid + NAD+

yeast uses this to make bread dough rise

alcoholic fermentation

muscle cells use this during rapid exercise when oxygen is low

lactic acid fermentation

bacteria and yeast use this to make beer and wine

alcoholic fermentation

bacteria use this to make cheese, yogurt, and sour cream

lactic acid fermentation

Alcohol evaporates

how come you don't get intoxicated when you eat bread

Sequence of cellular respiration

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

Where the carbon atoms in pyruvic acid end up following the Krebs cycle

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

total amount of ATP from one glucose

36

total amount of CO2 from one glucose

6

Products of Krebs Cycle

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

Glycolysis

What ion causes atp synthase to make atp

Hydrogen

electron transport chain

a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

Acetyl CoA

Is formed when pyruvate first enters into the mitochondria via active transport.

Citric acid

a six-carbon compound formed in the Krebs cycle

Location of Krebs Cycle

mitochondrial matrix

Place where enzymes for the electron transport chain are located

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Acid on pH scale

0-6

Base on pH scale

8-14

Neutral on pH scale

7 (water)

control variable

A variable that is kept constant during a controlled experiment.

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

how to write a title for a graph

dependent vs. independent

genus species

Scientific names of organisms.

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms

Biology

The study of life

Producers

Organisms that make their own food

Consumers

An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

Decomposer

An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms

food web

a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

The thick, continually frozen soil layer found in the northern tundra is called

permafrost

Desert Biome

a biome that has little or no plant life, long periods without rain, and extreme temperatures; usually found in hot climates

Tundra biome

extremely cold and dry biome; known for its permafrost, mosses, lichens, caribou, and snowy owl

Savanna Biome

Biome that consists of a combination of trees and grassland in various proportions.

taiga biome

coniferous forests that have long, cold winters. the trees have needles instead of broad leaves.

Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome

Cold winters, warm summers, moderate rainfall; beech, maple, oaks, willows shed leaves during the winter; typical animals deer, fox, woodchuck, squirrel

rainforest biome

a dense evergreen forest found in tropical areas of heavy rainfall

deciduous trees

trees that lose their leaves every year

fundamental niche

The full potential range of the physical, chemical, and biological factors a species can use if there is no competition from other species.

realized niche

The niche species actually occupies.

Niche

(ecology) the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Prokayote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Plant cells have

chloroplasts and cell wall

Animal cells have

lysosomes and centrioles

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

as a cell decreases, its surface are to volume ratio...

increases

cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

nonpolar molecule

a molecule that does not have oppositely charged ends

polar molecule

a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative and the opposite side is slightly positive

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

head of phospholipid

polar, hydrophilic

tail of phospholipid

nonpolar, hydrophobic

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy.

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

nucleic acid

DNA and RNA

protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

ATP

energy currency of life

3 factors that affect photosynthesis

temperature, light intensity and the availability of water.

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same