bio chapter 5

macromolecule

a very large molecule created by some form of a polymerization

lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
carbohydrates

four functions of macromolecule

polymer

a large macromolecule consisting of *many* similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

monomers

polymers are made up of smaller units called ________

condensation, dehydration

monomers are connected to make macromolecules through a ____________ or___________ reaction

condensation reaction/dehydration

a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water

hydrogen, hydroxl

in condensation reactions, 1 molecule provides a _____ and the other provides a _____ to form water

polysaccharides, lipids, proteins

_______________, ______, and ________ are all made through condensation synthesis

hydrolysis

polymers are broken up (digested) to monomers by the process of __________

hydrolysis

a chemical process that *lyses*, or splits molecules by the addition of water

carbohydrates

a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides), usually consists of only carbon hydrogen and oxygen

monosaccharide

the *simplest* carbohydrate, active *alone* or serving as a *monomer* for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O

glucose
galactose
fructose
ribose

4 monosaccharides (know three)
(*mono* → I'm *gl*ad I *gal*ped some *fru*it)

disaccharide

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

sucrose
maltose
lactose

3 disaccharides
(*Di*ana wants to *su*ck on a *ma*lt but can't because shes *lactose* intolerant

5001

if you have 5002 monosaccharides put together you get ____ water (H2O) molecules

glycosidic linkage

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

maltose

glucose + glucose =

lactose

glucose + galactose =

sucrose

glucose + fructose =

polysaccharides

a *poly*mer of at least 3 monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions

functions of carbohydrates

quick energy, cell to cell recognition, building material for cell wall and exoskeleton

cellulose
chitin
starch
glycogen

4 examples of polysaccharides
(*Polly* lives in a *cell* with her *chitin* [kitten] and likes to eat *starch*y foods, which she stores as *glycogen*)

cellulose

polysaccharide that is a major component of the *cell* walls of plants (*structural*)
(made up glucose monomers)

chitin

a *structural* polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods
(made up of glucose monomers)

starch

polysaccharide in plants used for starch *storage*
(made up of glucose monomers)

glycogen

polysaccharide in animals used for energy *storage*
(made up of glucose monomers)

lipids

one of a family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water (hydrophobic)

hydrophobic

all lipids are ___________

fats
fatty acids
phosphololipids
steroids
proteins

types of lipids

4 functions of lipids

long term energy storage
insulation
buoyancy (ability to float)
protect organs
major component of plasma membrane

glycerol, fatty acids

fats are made up of ________ and _____ _____

non-polar

lipids are hydrophobic because they are ___-_____ molecules

saturated fatty acids

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds; solid at room temperature (butter)

unsaturated fatty acids

a fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail; liquid at room temperature (oils)

phospholipid

a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail

phospholipids

_____________ are the major component in all cell membranes

steroid

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 rings (sometimes 5) with various functional groups attached

steroids

different ________ have different functional groups (ex. cholesterol promotes fluidity of the plasma membrane)

amphipathic

part of the molecule is hydrophobic and the other part is hydr

cholesterol, phospholipids, proteins

what 3 molecules are amphipathic