bio chapter 5

macromolecule

macromolecule

a very large molecule created by some form of a polymerization

lipids proteins nucleic acids carbohydrates

four functions of macromolecule

polymer

a large macromolecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

monomers

polymers are made up of smaller units called ________

condensation, dehydration

monomers are connected to make macromolecules through a ____________ or___________ reaction

condensation reaction/dehydration

a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water

hydrogen, hydroxl

in condensation reactions, 1 molecule provides a _____ and the other provides a _____ to form water

polysaccharides, lipids, proteins

_______________, ______, and ________ are all made through condensation synthesis

hydrolysis

polymers are broken up (digested) to monomers by the process of __________

hydrolysis

a chemical process that lyses, or splits molecules by the addition of water

carbohydrates

a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides), usually consists of only carbon hydrogen and oxygen

monosaccharide

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O

glucose galactose fructose ribose

4 monosaccharides (know three) (mono → I'm glad I galped some fruit)

disaccharide

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

sucrose maltose lactose

3 disaccharides (Diana wants to suck on a malt but can't because shes lactose intolerant

5001

if you have 5002 monosaccharides put together you get ____ water (H2O) molecules

glycosidic linkage

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

maltose

glucose + glucose =

lactose

glucose + galactose =

sucrose

glucose + fructose =

polysaccharides

a polymer of at least 3 monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions

functions of carbohydrates

quick energy, cell to cell recognition, building material for cell wall and exoskeleton

cellulose chitin starch glycogen

4 examples of polysaccharides (Polly lives in a cell with her chitin [kitten] and likes to eat starchy foods, which she stores as glycogen)

cellulose

polysaccharide that is a major component of the cell walls of plants (structural) (made up glucose monomers)

chitin

a structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods (made up of glucose monomers)

starch

polysaccharide in plants used for starch storage (made up of glucose monomers)

glycogen

polysaccharide in animals used for energy storage (made up of glucose monomers)

lipids

one of a family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water (hydrophobic)

hydrophobic

all lipids are ___________

fats fatty acids phosphololipids steroids proteins

types of lipids

4 functions of lipids

long term energy storage insulation buoyancy (ability to float) protect organs major component of plasma membrane

glycerol, fatty acids

fats are made up of ________ and _____ _____

non-polar

lipids are hydrophobic because they are -__ molecules

saturated fatty acids

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds; solid at room temperature (butter)

unsaturated fatty acids

a fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail; liquid at room temperature (oils)

phospholipid

a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail

phospholipids

_____________ are the major component in all cell membranes

steroid

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 rings (sometimes 5) with various functional groups attached

steroids

different ________ have different functional groups (ex. cholesterol promotes fluidity of the plasma membrane)

amphipathic

part of the molecule is hydrophobic and the other part is hydr

cholesterol, phospholipids, proteins

what 3 molecules are amphipathic