AP Psych Unit 7

Achievement Motivation

Motivated by mastery and will continue to achieve more accomplishments

Self-efficacy

Individual’s belief in ability to perform a task

Self-Esteem

How person perceives themselves

Instinct Theory

Motivation is something you are born with and not external items

Drive Reduction Theory

Individuals are trying to keep their body in homeostasis, if taken out person becomes motivated to fix it

Arousal Theory

Based on Yerkes-Dodson, performance increases increases with arousal but too much can lead to be bad performance or too little

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Cognitive systems need to stay consistent, when something does not align with person’s mind, person is motivated to fix

William James

Proposed instinct theory, motivation is something you are born with, connected to genetics

Alfred Kinsey

Sexual behavior and motivation

Abraham Maslow

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs to explain motivations

Stanley Schachter

Two Factor theory which emotions occur from both physical and cognitive labeling

Hans Selye

How individuals react to stress and how they manage stress, General Adaptation Syndrome

Affiliation Motivation

Drive to want to belong with others, motivation pushes people to want to form relationships

James-Lange Theory

Physiological response to a stimulus later causes boy to be alerted which creates person to experience different emotions

Cannon-Bard Theory

Person’s physiological response and emotional response happen at same time, the occur together

Schacter Two Factor Theory

Physiological response and cognitive stimulus labeling lead to emotional experience

Joseph LeDoux’s Theory

Emotions take path to amygdala and skip cortex, person has immediate emotional response without being aware

Appraisal Theory

Encounters a stimuli, experience, or event where they assess the situation and come to a conclusion, happens without person being aware

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Make certain facial expression and can shift a person’s mood

Paul Ekman

Believed some emotions are innate and understood by different cultures such as happiness, fear, sadness, surprise, and anger can be identified by others

Eustress

Stress that is beneficial

Distress

Stress that is detrimental

Alarm Reaction

Individual encounters stressor that upsets homeostasis, person’s ‘fight or flight’ response will activate

Resistance

Body will try to stabilize but may stay at high level of tension

Exhaustion

Starts to get tired from fighting back and resisting stressor

Approach-Approach Conflict

Choose between two positive outcomes

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Choose between two negative outcomes

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

One goal that has both positive and negative impacts to it

Alfred Adler

Belief that individuals strive to conquer inferiority complex, person wants to feel sense of belonging and feel significant

Albert Bandura

Individual’s environment, behavior, and feelings influence and impact personality

Costa and McCrae

Big Five Trait theory focusing on personality factors (OCEAN)

Abraham Maslow

Seek to satisfy physiological safety before reaching self actualization based on hierarchy of needs

Carl Rogers

Could not reach self-actualization if their environment hinders them

Free Association

Individual is told or shown a image, person says first thing that comes to mind

Ego

Overseer of superego and id

Superego

Person’s morality, ideals, and judgments, in preconscious

Id

Unconscious mind, satisfy person’s most basic drivers, on pleasure and hunger and etc.

Libido

Psychic energy that is sexual and aggressive impulses that individual must learn to control

Rotter’s Expectancy Theory

Behavior determined based on expectations and investment in outcome of an action

Reciprocal Determinism

Personality/behavior influenced by person’s environment and individual behavior

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Observational Learning, Self-Efficacy, and Reciprocal Determinism

Self-concept

Thoughts, feelings, questions about who they are

Positive Regard

Seek social approval from others, affection, and respect from others

Self-Actualization

Individual is motivated to strive for full potential

Self-Transcendence

Individual is motivated to strive for full potential

Physiological Needs

Basic needs satisfied first

Safety Needs

Seek for personal, job, financial, and general life stability

Love and Belonging

Seek friendships, intimacy, and sense of belonging

Esteem

Develop self-esteem and respect for others and independence

Self-Actualization

Individuals seek answers to large life questions, motivated to understand own identity and world around them

Cardinal Traits

Strong dominant traits as main identifying factor

Central Traits

Strong traits but not only defining trait

Secondary Traits

Less influential, situation specific characteristics

Traits

Individual characteristics, behaviors, and conscious motives of an individual that remain stable over time

Factor Analysis

Isolating different variables in person’s personality

Eysenck Personality Theory

Extraversion vs. Introversion, Emotional Stability vs. Instability

Conscientiousness

Individuals are more organized and careful, if lacking more impulsive and disorganized

Agreeableness

Individuals are more agreeable and trusting of others, lacking are more suspicious of others

Neuroticism

More insecure and anxious, lacking are more calm and secure

Openness

More imaginative and creative, lacking are more practical and prefer routines

Extraversion

More affectionate and sociable, lacking are more reserved

Projective Personality Test

Open responses and does not limit taker, TAT and Roscharch