Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Flashcards

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Flashcards reviewing key concepts from the Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins lecture notes.

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20 Terms

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Proteins

Main agents of biological function; examples include catalysis, transport, structure, and motion.

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Amino Acids

Linear heteropolymers of amino acids with properties suited for polymerization, acid-base reactions, and varied functionality.

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Three Common Functional Groups Attached to the α Carbon of Amino Acids

An acidic carboxyl group, a basic amino group, and an α hydrogen.

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Five Basic Groups of Amino Acids Based on R Substituents

Nonpolar, aliphatic; nonpolar, aromatic; polar, uncharged; polar, positively charged; polar, negatively charged.

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State of Amino Acid at Low pH

The amino acid exists in a positively charged form (cation).

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State of Amino Acid at High pH

The amino acid exists in a negatively charged form (anion).

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Zwitterion Form

A single molecule has both a positive and negative charge, resulting in a net neutral charge.

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Isoelectric Point (pI)

The pH at which an amino acid carries a net charge of zero.

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Peptides

Small condensation products of amino acids.

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Components of Proteins

Covalently linked α-amino acids, cofactors, coenzymes, prosthetic groups, and other modifications.

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Classes of Conjugated Proteins

Lipoproteins, Glycoproteins, Phosphoproteins, Hemoproteins, Flavoproteins, Metalloproteins

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Separation of a Mixture of Proteins

Separation based on differences in charge, size, affinity for a ligand, solubility, hydrophobicity, and thermal stability.

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Column Chromatography

Separation over a solid phase using a liquid phase to mobilize the proteins.

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Ion Exchange Chromatography

Separation based on charge using a cation or anion exchanger.

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Size Exclusion Chromatography

Separation based on size using porous polymer beads.

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Affinity Chromatography

Separation based on binding affinity using a polymer-bound ligand.

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Electrophoresis

Separation based on charge and size using an electric field and a gel matrix.

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SDS PAGE

Proteins are separated by molecular weight using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).

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Isoelectric Focusing

Used to determine the pI of a protein by applying a protein sample to a gel strip with an immobilized pH gradient.

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2D Electrophoresis

Combines isoelectric focusing and SDS-PAGE to separate proteins in two dimensions.