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Flashcards reviewing key concepts from the Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins lecture notes.
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Proteins
Main agents of biological function; examples include catalysis, transport, structure, and motion.
Amino Acids
Linear heteropolymers of amino acids with properties suited for polymerization, acid-base reactions, and varied functionality.
Three Common Functional Groups Attached to the α Carbon of Amino Acids
An acidic carboxyl group, a basic amino group, and an α hydrogen.
Five Basic Groups of Amino Acids Based on R Substituents
Nonpolar, aliphatic; nonpolar, aromatic; polar, uncharged; polar, positively charged; polar, negatively charged.
State of Amino Acid at Low pH
The amino acid exists in a positively charged form (cation).
State of Amino Acid at High pH
The amino acid exists in a negatively charged form (anion).
Zwitterion Form
A single molecule has both a positive and negative charge, resulting in a net neutral charge.
Isoelectric Point (pI)
The pH at which an amino acid carries a net charge of zero.
Peptides
Small condensation products of amino acids.
Components of Proteins
Covalently linked α-amino acids, cofactors, coenzymes, prosthetic groups, and other modifications.
Classes of Conjugated Proteins
Lipoproteins, Glycoproteins, Phosphoproteins, Hemoproteins, Flavoproteins, Metalloproteins
Separation of a Mixture of Proteins
Separation based on differences in charge, size, affinity for a ligand, solubility, hydrophobicity, and thermal stability.
Column Chromatography
Separation over a solid phase using a liquid phase to mobilize the proteins.
Ion Exchange Chromatography
Separation based on charge using a cation or anion exchanger.
Size Exclusion Chromatography
Separation based on size using porous polymer beads.
Affinity Chromatography
Separation based on binding affinity using a polymer-bound ligand.
Electrophoresis
Separation based on charge and size using an electric field and a gel matrix.
SDS PAGE
Proteins are separated by molecular weight using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
Isoelectric Focusing
Used to determine the pI of a protein by applying a protein sample to a gel strip with an immobilized pH gradient.
2D Electrophoresis
Combines isoelectric focusing and SDS-PAGE to separate proteins in two dimensions.