Genetic Mutations and Membrane Composition Study Review

This set of flashcards covers key terms and concepts related to genetic mutations, gene evolution, and cellular processes, particularly focusing on mechanisms such as horizontal gene transfer, various types of mutations, as well as cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

Species Diversity

Result of random genetic mutations leading to various forms of life.

Point Mutations

Alterations in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, which can affect coding regions.

Germline Mutations

Mutations that are transmitted to the next generation via reproductive cells.

Somatic Mutations

Mutations that occur in non-reproductive cells and are not passed to offspring.

Gene Duplication

The process where a segment of DNA is copied, resulting in multiple copies of a gene.

Exon Shuffling

The rearrangement of exons from different genes to create new genes with distinct functions.

Mobile Genetic Elements

Segments of DNA that can move around within the genome, often causing mutations.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

The transfer of genetic material between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction.

Transposons

Mobile genetic elements that can insert themselves into various locations in the genome.

Proton Motive Force

The force generated by a proton gradient across a membrane, driving ATP synthesis.

Chemiosmosis

The movement of protons across a membrane to generate ATP via ATP synthase.

ATP Synthase

An enzyme that synthesizes ATP by using the energy from the proton gradient.

Redox Potential

The tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced.

Photosystem II

A complex in photosynthesis that absorbs light energy and initiates the process of electron transport.

Calvin Cycle

The cycle that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, such as sugars, in the chloroplast.

Chloroplast

An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Fermentation

The metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.