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Bow Street Runners
Early law enforcement group in London, established in the 18th century to combat crime.
Robert Peel & Principles
Founder of the modern police force; principles include crime prevention, public cooperation, and ethical conduct.
Rogue Gallery
Collection of criminal photographs used for identification and investigation.
Due Process Revolution
Period in the 1960s where U.S. Supreme Court expanded protections for defendants' rights.
Miranda v. Arizona
Landmark case that established Miranda rights for defendants.
Due Process Clause
Constitutional protection ensuring fair legal proceedings (5th & 14th Amendments).
Arrest vs. Detention
Arrest involves taking a person into custody; detention is a temporary restriction of movement.
Ingredients of an Arrest
Intent, authority, custody, understanding by the suspect.
Affidavit
Written sworn statement; writer is called an affiant.
Probable Cause
Reasonable belief based on facts that a crime has been committed.
Exigent Circumstances
Situations allowing law enforcement to act without a warrant.
Plain View Seizures
Evidence in plain sight can be seized without a warrant.
Stop and Frisk
Terry v. Ohio ruling allowing officers to pat down suspects for weapons.
Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine
Illegally obtained evidence is inadmissible in court.
Felony
Serious crime, punishable by over a year in prison.
Misdemeanor
Less serious crime, punishable by fines or less than a year in jail.
Investigator
Person responsible for collecting evidence and solving crimes.
4 Objectives of Investigation
Establish a crime, identify suspects, gather evidence, present findings.
Crime Scene Management - Primary Scene
Original location of the crime.
Crime Scene Management - Secondary Scene
Related locations where evidence is found.
Crime Scene Organization - 3 Major Functions
Scene security, evidence collection, documentation.
Categories of Evidence
Physical, testimonial, documentary.
Evidence Recovery Log
Records details of collected evidence.
Crime Scene Documentation
Sketches, notes, video recording.
Locard’s Exchange Principle
Contact between individuals and objects results in an exchange of material.
Anthropometry
Body measurements used for identification.
DNA Profiling
Genetic identification unique to individuals.
Class Characteristics
Shared among a group (e.g., shoe size, blood type).
Unique Characteristics
Specific to an individual (e.g., fingerprints, DNA).
Glass Fractures - Radial Fractures
Extend outward from the impact point.
Glass Fractures - Concentric Fractures
Circular cracks around impact.
Laser vs. ALS (Alternative Light Source)
Laser: Coherent light; ALS: Broad-spectrum light for identifying bodily fluids and fibers.
AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System)
Digital fingerprint database for matching prints.
Surface Texture & Blood Spatter
Blood behavior changes with different surfaces.
Firearms Identification
Analyzing bullet striations, firing pin marks, and gunpowder residue.
Control Loss at Crime Scene
Leads to compromised evidence, unverified claims, and hindered investigations.
