Dr. Lewis The living/systems / cell structure

Intracellular Organelles of the cell

lysosomes

mitochondria

ER

Golgi apparatus

RER vs SER

RER- (rough er) has ribosomes

SER-(smooth er) has no ribosomes

Peptidoglycan

Cell wall of prokaryotes, but NOT ARCHAEA. Made of a sugar polymer and polypeptide.

cell appendages of prokaryotic cell

flagella

pili

cell appendages of eukaryotic cell

flagella

cilia

external to the cytoplasm

cell wall (euk: plants,fungi)

cell membrane

What are viruses?

acellular organisms (obligate intracellular parasites

define a nucleoid and and state what cell it is found in

A nucleoid is an irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryotic cell where the genetic material (DNA) is located.

What cell structure is responsible for selective permeability?

plasma/cell membrane

What cell structure is responsible for the production and assembly of ribosomes?

nucleoids

What cell structure synthesizes protein?

ribosome

what cell structure produces enzymes that digest foreign material?

lysosomes

What cell structure is responsible for producing ATP?

Mitochondira

name 2 antimicrobial agents that act on the bacterial cell membrane

penicillin and vancomycin

name an antimicrobial agent that acts on the bacterial cell membrane

Polymyxins

Name the target site of the fluroquinolone antimicrobial agents

DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV

These are bacterial enzymes involved in DNA replication, transcription, and repair.

DNA gyrase is the primary target in Gram-negative bacteria.

Topoisomerase IV is the primary target in Gram-positive bacteria.

What is a helminth?

-parasitic worm

-multi-cellular organism

Organisms that contain eukaryotic structures

animals

plants

certain microorganisms such as:

Fungi

protozoa

algae

helminths

Cell wall of eukaryotic cell

maintains structural support

The cell wall of plants contain

cellulose

The cell wall of fungi is made of:

chitin / B-glucan

The cell membrane and plasma membrane

1) composed of lipo-protein, lipid bilayer, sterols

2) separates cell interior from outside environment

3)provides selective permeability

Cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are composed of

cytoskeleton

(dynamic network of of filaments that gives cell shape and structural support)

nucleus

houses genetic material, controls heredity

nucleolus

production and assembly of ribosomes

mitochondrian

powerhouse of cell

transforms and generate energy

golgi complex

involved in packing and distribution of cell products and cargo

peroxisomes

detoxify hydrogen peroxide and other products

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

2 types: SER AND RER

Ribosomes

80s/ synthesize proteins

lysosomes

contain digestive enzymes that digest foreign material

Cell appendages of euk. cells

cilia

flagella

Antimicrobial target site (2)

cell wall acting antimicrobial

penicillin

cephalosporin

Antimicrobial in the bacterial plasma membrane

daptomycin

bacterial plasma membrane function

selective permeability

DNA replication enzyme

DNA gyrase

an antimicrobial target site

2 types of antimicrobial target sites

fluoroquinolones

ciprofloxacin

plasmids

extrachromosomal DNA

R plasmids/factors

What do the antmicrobial target sites of ribosomes do

inhibit protein synthesis

External appendages

pili and flagellum

pili- attachment structure

flagella- motility structure

Disease

a departure from homeostasis

Predominant elements in earths crust

O

Si

Al

Fe

predominant elements in living systems

C

H

O

N

Nomenclature of elements in living systems

Bioelements

Organic chem

The carbon atom has capacity to bond with each other, can form linear, branched or cyclic molecules to generate an immense variety of different organic compounds

What are the bioelements?

C

H

O

N

P

S

Unique properties of bioelements

1) readily form covalent bonds by electron pair sharing

2) lightest elements capable of forming strong covalent bonds

3) can react with eachother to form a large number of different compounds

The processes of human life

Responsiveness

movement

growth

reproduction

Metabolism

Metabolism

sum total of all chemical reactions occurring within a cell

Levels of organization of human life

body systems

organs

tissues

cells

chemical: macromoleculs ----- elements

6 main classes of nutrients

Carbs

proteins

lipids

water

minerals

vitamins

metabolic pathways are (4)

Glycolysis

krebs cycle / TCA cycle

lipid metabolism

nitrogen metabolism

Molecular biology of the cell: replication and expression of genetic information

DNA replication

Trancription

translation

Regulation of gene expression