biology unit 2 plants - quiz 1 review

Photosynthesis

A series of chemical reactions that converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy stored in molecules.

Photosynthesis equation (word and chemical)

carbon dioxide + water —> oxygen + glucose

Cellulose

A large carbohydrate molecule that is the main component of cell walls in plants.

Vascular Plants

Plants that have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem), a shoot system and a root system.

Nonvascular Plants

Plants that do not have vascular tissue and obtain water and nutrients through osmosis and diffusion.

Xylem

Transports water and nutrients, contains lignin for strength, made of dead cells.

Phloem

Transports sugars and nutrients, made of living cells.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants with seeds enclosed in fruit, comprising about 90% of all plant species.

Gymnosperms

Plants with exposed seeds on the surface of cone scales; also known as 'naked seed' plants.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane.

Diffusion

Net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Monocots description

A type of angiosperm with one cotyledon in the seed, parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular bundles, flowers are in multiples of 3.

Examples: corn seed, rice, wheat

Dicots description

A type of angiosperm with two cotyledons in the seed, net pattern leaf veins, ring shaped vascular bundle, and flowers in multiples of 4 or 5

Examples: Bean seed, peas, sunflowers

Endosperm function

The part of a seed that provides food for the developing embryo.

Cotyledon function

A seed leaf for food storage and providing nutrients

Plant Cell Types

Includes parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, each with specialized functions.

Plant cell: Parenchyma

• Some have chloroplasts and some without chloroplasts

• Storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection, tissue repair and replacement

Plant cell: Collenchyma

• Support surrounding tissues

• Provide flexibility for plant

• Tissue repair and replacement

Plant cell: Sclerenchyma

Support mature plant

Comparative Process of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis produces oxygen and glucose, which are used in cellular respiration to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Pollen Grain

Carries male gametes or sperm, essential for fertilizing female ovules.

Stigma

Helps collect pollen.

Pollen Tubes

Transports male gametes (sperm cells) from pollen grain to the ovule.

Stamen

The male reproductive part of the flower that produces pollen.

Anther

Produces and contains pollen.

Filament

Holds the anther up.

Petal

Attracts pollinators.

Ovary

Prepares the ovules for fertilization, protects developing zygotes.

Ovule

Produces eggs.

Sepal

Protects the bud.

Style

Assists fertilization, contains the pollen tubes which transfer sperm to the egg.

Egg Nucleus

Helps plant reproduce and grow new plants.

Endosperm Nucleus

Grows into the endosperm, which provides food for the developing seed.

Zygote

Formed when the egg nucleus and sperm cell join during fertilization. Grows into a baby plant (embryo) inside the seed.

Bright Colors and Strong Scents

Attract insects for pollination.

Small Flowers

Adapted for wind pollination.

Fruits

Provide protection for seeds and promote seed dispersal.

Seed Dispersal by Animals

Seeds can be dispersed when animals consume fruits and excrete the undigested seeds.

Forceful Seed Ejection

Some fruits can eject their seeds forcefully.

Reproductive Success in Plants

Enhanced through flowers and fruits that promote pollination, along with effective vascular systems and leaves.

Flowers and Gametophytes

Flowers have male and female parts called gametophytes.

Male Gametes

Male gametes are found in pollen grains.

Female Gametes

Female gametes are found in ovules within the ovary.

Hilum

Small, whitish scar on the inner curve of the seed.

Micropyle

A tiny opening close to the hilum.

Testa

The brown covering of the bean.

Plumules

Two tiny leaf structures that become the plant’s first leaves.

Epicotyl

The embryonic stem located at the base of the plumules.

Hypocotyl

Will form the lower part of the stem below the epicotyl.

Radicle

Will form the root and is at the tip of the embryonic plant.

Endosperm (in Monocot)

Large area toward the broad end of the fruit.

Silk Scar

A small projection at the broad end of the kernel.

Dermal Tissue

The outermost covering of a plant's organs, providing protection and aiding in absorption.

Vascular Tissue

The transport system in plants that moves water, sugars, and nutrients throughout the plant.

Ground Tissue

Tissue that makes up much of the plant body, responsible for storage, photosynthesis, and support.

Self and Cross Pollination

• Self pollination: Transfer of pollen from stamen (anther) to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant

• Cross pollination: Transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

Fibrous vs Taproots

• Fibrous (monocot): Bushy, made up of many small branching roots

• Taproots (dicot): Small, has small root hairs

Perfect vs Imperfect Flowers

• Perfect: Both reproductive parts (stamen and pistil)

• Imperfect: Has either male or female parts, but NOT BOTH

Meristematic

Crucial for plant growth, supplies new cells to let roots grow longer

Epidermis

Acts as a protective barrier, regulates gas exchange, and helps with water retention

Pith

Important for nutrient storage and transport, providing structural support, and aiding in water and sugar distribution

Cambium

Primarily responsible for secondary growth, which is the increase in a plant's girth

Cork

Important for storing carbon dioxide, and supporting biodiversity

Cohesion-Tension Theory

• Water sticks to itself because it’s sticky (cohesion)

• When water leaves the leaf, it pulls the next drop up like a chain (tension)

• This helps water move up the plant

Translocation Process

The process of transporting sugars and other nutrients (assimilates) from where they are produced (sources) to where they are needed (sinks)

• Pholem transports sugars

• Leaves are “sources”

• Roots/growing shoots are “sinks”

Plant Hormones, How they affect plant growth

• Auxins: Helps plants grow taller and bend toward light

• Gibberellins: Makes plants grow bigger (taller, bigger fruit)

• Cytokinins: Helps with cell division and slows aging of plant

• Ethylene: Makes fruit ripen

• Abscisic acid: Slows things down, closes stomata helps during stress (like drought)

Tropism

• How a plant grows in response to something

  • Positive: grows toward something

  • Negative: grows away from something

• Phototropism (light)

• Gravitropism (gravity)

• Thigmotropism (touch)