the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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Attribution Theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
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Fundamental Attribution Error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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Attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
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Central Route Persuasion
attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
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Peripheral Route Persuasion
attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
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Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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Role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when our attitudes are inconsistent with our actions
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Conformity
adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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Normative Social Influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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Informational Social Influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality because they want to be right or do something correctly
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Social Facilitation
when a person performs a task that is easy to them better in the presence of others
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Social Loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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Group Polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group (attitudes become more extreme after interacting with like-minded individuals)
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Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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Culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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Norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior; they prescribe "proper" behavior
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Prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; it generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
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Stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
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Discrimination
(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
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Ingroup
"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity
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Outgroup
"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
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Ingroup Bias
the tendency to favor our own group
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Scapegoat Theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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Other-Race Effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races; also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias
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Just-World Phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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Aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone; includes hostile and instrumental
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Frustration-Aggression Principle
the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression
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Mere Exposure Effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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Passionate Love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
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Companionate Love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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Equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
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Self-Disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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Altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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Bystander Effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present (due to diffusion of responsibility)
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Social Exchange Theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize cost
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Reciprocity Norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
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Social-Responsibility Norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
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Conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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Social Trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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Mirror-Image Perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
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Self Fulfilling Prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
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Superordinate Goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions; "give a little to get a little"
Studied by 9 people
