biology unit 2 plants - quiz 1 review

SBI3U: Unit 2 Quiz 1 Review

1. Identify the many uses of plants. 

• Provides food, fibre for clothing and shelter/habitat, medicine, and the oxygen we breathe

• Perfumes and dyes

• Important for food chains

• Reduces soil erosion

• Provides fuel sources

• Carries out photosynthesis and contain cellulose 

  • Photosynthesis: 

    • A series of chemical reactions that converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy stored in molecules

  • Cellulose: 

    • A large carbohydrate molecule

    • Main component of cell walls in plants

2. Distinguish between vascular and nonvascular plants and their origin. 

• Origin: Plants evolved from green algae about 460 million years ago

• Vascular plants

  • Have two organ systems: shoot system and root system

    • Shoot system: stems and leaves providing structural support and perform photosynthesis

    • Root system: Roots of the plant, anchors the plant and absorbs water and nutrients the plant needs

• Have specialized tissues: xylem and phloem

  • Xylem: transports water and nutrients, contains lignin for strength, made of dead cells

  • Phloem: transports sugars and nutrients, made of living cells

• Three main types of tissues in vascular plants

  • Dermal: Outermost covering of plant’s organs

  • Vascular: Transport system of water, sugars, and nutrients

  • Ground: Makes up much of the plant body

• Subdivided into gymnosperms and angiosperms

• Nonvascular plants

  • No vascular tissue

  • Obtain water and nutrients through osmosis and diffusion

    • Osmosis: the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane

    • Diffusion: net movement of particles from an area in high concentration, to a lower concentration 

  • Can survive cold/dry conditions

  • Examples: mosses, hornworts, liverworts

3. Know the characteristics of angiosperms and gymnosperms. Suggest reasons why angiosperms are successful.

• Angiosperms:

  • Flowering plants

    • Two kinds: monocots and dicots

• Seeds are enclosed in a specialized structure called fruit

• About 90% of all plants are angiosperms

• Flowers have male and female parts called gametophytes

  • Male gametes are found in pollen grains

  • Female gametes are found in ovules within the ovary

• Bright color and strong scents attract insects for pollination

• Have small flowers for wind pollination

• Fruits:

  • Provide some protection of the seeds

  • Primary function: promoting seed dispersal

  • Seeds can be dispersed by animals (undigested food)

  • Fruits even forcefully eject their seeds

• More successful due to various reproductive success, their flowers and fruit promote pollination, as well as their vascular systems and leaves

• Gymnosperms:

  • Seeds are exposed on the surface of cone scales

  • “Naked seed”

  • Includes cone-bearing trees (conifers) [ex. Pines, spruce, redwood, etc.]

  • In cool and alpine ecosystems

  • Can photosynthesize whenever conditions are suitable

  • Produces seeds

  • Seeds protect plant embryos, provide nutrients, and can survive long periods of harsh conditions

  • Seeds also disperse new plants far from its parents

  • Reproductive structure is a cone

    • Male cones are soft and short lived

    • Female cones are hard and longer lasting 

      • Made of scales where the eggs develop

      • Sperm are carried to the eggs by pollen, which drift from wind

    • Wind pollination makes sexual reproduction possible

4. Review the diagram of the flower and make sure you can label and know the function of all the parts.

• Pollen grain: carry male gametes or sperm, essential for fertilizing female ovules

• Stigma: helps collect pollen

• Pollen tubes: transports male gametes (sperm cells) from pollen grain 

• Stamen: produces pollen

  • Anther: produce and contain pollen

  • Filament: holds the anther up

• Petal: attract pollinators

• Ovary: prepare the ovules for fertilization, protects developing zygotes

• Ovule: produces eggs

• Sepal: protect the bud

• Style: assists fertilization, contains the pollen tubes which transfer sperm to the egg

• Egg nucleus: helps plant reproduce and grow new plants

• Endosperm nucleus: Grows into the endosperm, which provides food for the developing seed

• Zygote: formed when the egg nucleus and sperm cell join during fertilization. Grows into baby plant (embryo) inside the seed

5. List and describe the plant cell types of vascular plants e.g. parenchyma etc (p. 546 table )

• Parenchyma

  • Some have chloroplasts and some without chloroplasts

  • Storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection, tissue repair and replacement

• Collenchyma

  • Support surrounding tissues

  • Provide flexibility for plant

  • Tissue repair and replacement

• Sclerenchyma

  • Support mature plant

6. Write the word equation in the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis. 

7. Compare photosynthesis with cellular respiration. How does the process rely on one another?

• Photosynthesis: carbon dioxide and water → oxygen and glucose

• Cellular respiration: oxygen and glucose → carbon dioxide and water

  • They create the products for each other

8. You should know the structures, function and examples of monocots and dicots. 

Structure:

• Monocot seeds:

  • Contain one cotyledon (often thin and small)

  • Food storage is in endosperm, separate from the cotyledon

  • Example of monocot: Corn seed, rice, wheat

• Dicot seeds:

  • Contain two cotyledons, which are fleshy and store food reserves

  • Cotyledons stores the food so the seed can use it to grow and develop its leaves (plumules) and own food

  • Example of dicot: Bean seed, peas, sunflowers

Structure functions:

• Hilum: small, whitish scar on inner curve of seed

• Micropyle: a tiny opening close to the hilum

• Testa: the brown covering of the bean

• Plumules: two tiny leaf structures which becomes the plants’ first leaves

• Epicotyl: the embryonic stem located at the base of the plumules

• Hypocotyl: will form the lower part of the stem below the epicotyl

• Radicle: will form the root an is at the tip of the embryonic plant

• Endosperm (IN MONOCOT): large area toward the broad end of the fruit

• Silk scar: a small projection at the broad end of the kernel