Ap Human Geo

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116 Terms

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Spatial Relationships

The way in which different locations or places are interconnected and how they affect one another.

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Map Projections

Methods of depicting the Earth's curved surface on a flat map, each with its own levels of size and shape distortion.

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Mercator Projection

A cylindrical map projection used primarily for navigation that distorts size and shape the farther from the equator.

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Robinson Projection

A map projection that minimizes distortions of size and shape for a more visually appealing representation of the world.

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Sequent Occupancy

The concept that successive groups of people and cultural influences leave their mark on a place over time.

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Activity Space

The area in which an individual routinely moves and interacts daily.

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Toponym

A place-name assigned to a location, reflecting human significance.

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Formal Regions

Areas defined by a uniform characteristic or criterion, such as language or climate.

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Functional Regions

Regions defined by a central node and the surrounding areas influenced by it, like market areas.

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Vernacular Regions

Areas defined by people's perceptions and collective mental maps, rather than formal borders.

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Absolute Location

The exact coordinates of a place defined by latitude and longitude.

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Relative Location

The position of a place in relation to other locations or geographic features.

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Distance Decay

The principle that interaction decreases as the distance between locations increases.

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Tobler's Law

States that all places are interconnected, but closer places are more closely related than those farther apart.

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Friction of Distance

The concept that distance can inhibit interactions between places.

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Space-Time Compression

The reduction of time it takes for interaction to occur as a result of technological advancements.

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Central Place Theory

A theory developed by Walter Christaller that explains the distribution of cities and the services they provide.

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Core and Periphery

The conceptualization of regions characterized by economic and cultural disparities.

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Circle Clusters

A spatial distribution pattern where objects or phenomena are grouped closely together.

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Density

The frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon within a given unit of area.

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Arithmetic Density

The total number of people per unit area of land.

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Physiologic Density

The number of people per unit of arable land.

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Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land.

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Hearth

The point of origin or center for a particular cultural phenomenon or innovation.

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Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend from one central point outward.

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Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority to other persons or places.

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Contagious Diffusion

The rapid and widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

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Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, though not all specific characteristics of the idea are adopted.

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Relocation Diffusion

The spread of a feature through the physical relocation of people.

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Thematic Maps

Maps that focus on a particular theme or subject area, rather than showing physical geography.

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Choropleth Map

A thematic map that uses color to show the density or distribution of a specific variable.

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Isoline Map

A map that uses lines to connect points of equal value, often to represent elevation.

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Dot Density Map

A map that uses dots to represent the presence of a phenomenon.

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Flow-Line Map

A map that uses arrows or lines to show movement or flow between locations.

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Mental Map

An individual’s own internal representation of geographic space.

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Map Scale

The ratio of a distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the ground.

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Projection

A method by which the curved surface of the Earth is represented on a flat surface.

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Equal-Area Projection

A map projection that aims to maintain area proportion but distorts shape.

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Conformal Projection

A map projection that maintains shape but distorts area.

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Gravity Model

A mathematical model that represents the interaction between two locations based on size and distance.

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GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

Technological systems that capture, manage, analyze, and present spatial or geographic data.

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GPS (Global Positioning System)

A system that uses satellite signals to pinpoint locations on Earth.

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Demographic Equation

A formula that includes birth rates, death rates, and migration to calculate population changes.

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Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a population.

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime.

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Dependency Ratio

A measure of the number of dependents (young and elderly) compared to the working-age population.

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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that describes the stages of population growth and decline over time.

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Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model that describes changes in population mortality and disease patterns over time.

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Malthusian Theory

The theory that population growth will outpace food production leading to scarcity and famine.

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Population Pyramid

A graphical representation that shows the distribution of a population by age and gender.

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Push Factors

Conditions that drive people to leave their homes and migrate elsewhere.

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Pull Factors

Conditions that attract people to a new area or country.

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Cultural Synthesis

The blending of two or more cultural influences to create a new cultural expression.

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Cultural Hearth

The originating area of a cultural trait or practice.

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Ethnic Religion

Religions that are closely tied to a specific culture or ethnic group.

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Universalizing Religion

Religions that seek to convert people from all backgrounds and cultures.

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Fundamentalism

A strict adherence to specific theological doctrines typically in opposition to modernism.

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Cultural Relativism

The practice of understanding a culture by its own standards rather than judging it by the standards of another culture.

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Centripetal Forces

Forces that promote unity and stability within a state.

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Centrifugal Forces

Forces that divide or destabilize a state.

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Balkanization

The process of fragmentation of a region into smaller, often hostile units.

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Irredentism

A political and popular movement that seeks to reclaim and reoccupy a lost homeland.

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Neocolonialism

The practice of using economic, political, or cultural pressures to control or influence other countries.

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Supranationalism

The concept of transcending national boundaries and interests to achieve common objectives.

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Exclave

A portion of a state's territory that is separated from the main part and surrounded by foreign territory.

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Enclave

A territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of another state.

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Microstate

A very small sovereign state, often with a limited population and area.

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Stateless Nation

A group of people who share a common culture but do not have an independent state of their own.

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Territorial Morphology

The study of the shapes and sizes of countries and their effects on social and political relationships.

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Annexation

The process of legally adding land area to a political entity.

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Planned Capital Cities

Cities that are purposely built or designated to serve as the capital.

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Gerrymandering

Manipulating electoral district boundaries to favor a particular political party.

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Debt Peonage

A system in which a debtor's labor is exploited as a form of repayment for a loan.

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Social Interaction

The way in which people relate to one another within a culture.

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Caste System

A hierarchical social structure often found in Hindu societies dividing people into classes.

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Political Economy

The study of how economic theories such as capitalism and socialism influence the political systems.

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Jingoism

An extreme form of nationalism characterized by aggressive foreign policy.

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Terrorism

The use of violence and intimidation in pursuit of political aims.

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State Sovereignty

The concept that states have rights and powers to govern themselves without interference.

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Political Borders

Defined boundaries separating different political entities, often represented on maps.

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Environment Determinism

The idea that human behavior is shaped and constrained by the physical environment.

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Possibilism

The theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but people have the ability to adapt.

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Cultural Diffusion

The process by which cultural beliefs and social activities spread from one group to another.

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Acculturation

The process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group.

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Assimilation

The process through which a person or group becomes part of another, often losing their original cultural identity.

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Cultural Survival

Efforts to protect and promote indigenous cultures and practices.

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Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or operate on an international scale.

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Urbanization

The process by which an increasing percentage of a population comes to live in urban areas.

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Suburbanization

The movement of people from cities to residential areas surrounding urban centers.

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Transportation Networks

Systems of interconnected routes for transportation, critical for economic and social interactions.

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Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape.

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Place Attachment

The emotional bond between people and specific places.

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Sense of Place

The subjective feelings and meanings attached to a specific location by individuals or groups.

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Spatial Analysis

The process of examining the locations, attributes, and relationships of features in spatial data.

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Land Use

The management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements or semi-natural areas.

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Zoning

The process of dividing land into zones to regulate the uses of the land.

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Gentrification

The process of revitalizing and redeveloping urban areas, often resulting in the displacement of lower-income residents.

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Rural-Urban Migration

The movement of people from the countryside to cities, often in search of better opportunities.

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Civic Engagement

The active participation of individuals in the political and community life of their society.

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Environmental Justice

The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people in environmental decision-making.