Human Development

Which theorist proposed that each stage of life is associated with a specific developmental task, which contributes to large components of one’s personality?

Erik Erikson

During puberty, the extremities grow before the rest of the body catches up. What is this development pattern called?

Distalproximal

How many psychosocial stages did Erikson identity?

8

What is a scheme?

An action or mental representation that helps organize knowledge

What is assimilation?

Using an existing scheme for similar information

What is accommodation?

Changing or adjusting the scheme to take in new information

What three factors increase the risk of a teratogen causing a birth defect?

1. Dose, amount of exposure

2. Genetic susceptibility

3. Time of exposure

Which period is most sensitive to teratogens?

Embryonic

What is development that occurs from head to tail?

Cephalocaudal

Learn to hold head up before sitting alone

What type of development occurs from the midline outward?

Proximodistal

(Strengthen core before trying to use hands)

Many disorders are linked to ___ factors, such as Sickle Cell Disease, Tay-Sachs Disease, and hemophilia.

Genetic

Babies typically hold their head upright before developing their trunk to support sitting. This developmental pattern is called:

Cephalocaudal

How many chromosomes are in each cell?

46

A persons actual genetic material is called ___.

Genotype

The ___ is the way the genotype is expressed as an observable or measurable trait.

Phenotype

Identical twins originate from a single zygote, which means they are ___.

Monozygotic

Fraternal twins are known as __ and share about 50% of genetic information

Dizygotic twins

What does the placenta provide the embryo?

Nourishment and oxygen. Is is created by blood vessels.

Which prenatal period is viability reached?

Fetal

__ refers to the physical growth and strengthening of a child’s bones and muscles.

Motor development

Some genes will express themselves in the phenotype even when paired with a different version of the gene. This is called __.

Dominant

Polly has just learned that not all crunchy snacks are called “crackers” as she wants believed. She now understands that different crunchy snacks have different names. This change to a new schema is called ___

Accommodation

Baby Caleb now shouts “ba ba ba” when he is hungry. This language development milestone is called __.

Babbling

Jamie learned her state capitals two years ago and still remembers them to this day. This type of long-term memory is called ___.

Semantic

In which prenatal period do less than half of pregnancies survive?

Germinal

During which prenatal stage would the blastocyst appear?

Germinal

Unusual sadness that may follow childbirth is called ___.

Postpartum depression

The formation of connections between neurons is called ___.

Synaptogenesis

The brain’s ability to change, enabling it to adapt and or compensate for injury is called ___.

Neuroplasticity

If a mother contracts, this disease during the first three months of pregnancy damage can occur in the eyes, ears, heart or brain of the unborn child.

Rubella

This popular theorist is known for his work in child cognition. He developed four stages that children will progress through as they interact and learn from their environment.

Jean Piaget

Which popular theorist proposed a leading model for cognitive development, which covers infancy through adolescence?

Jean Piaget

Micah would describe himself as smart, athletic and loyal, but explains that he isn’t very creative or adaptive drawing. This personal description would best describe his ___.

Self-concept

Little Anna was excited to try to get her own water from the fridge dispenser. She looked over at her father with a big smile as she held her water cup. Erikson would label this psychosocial stage as ___.

Initiative

Which theory states that children develop their own conceptions of the attribute associated with maleness or femaleness?

Gender schema theory

Mary wants to stay out past curfew for a ninth grade dance, but she knows her parents are very strict and won’t even discuss it with her. Which parenting style best describes Mary’s parents?

Authoritarian

What is an example of a self-conscious emotion?

Shame

Sarah is visiting the neighbors house with Mom. Zara is in different when mom goes outside and doesn’t notice when she returns which type of attachment might best describe Zara?

Avoidant

The front part of the frontal lobe responsible for reasoning, problem-solving, creativity, and executive functioning is called the ___.

Prefrontal Cortex

When does the brain experience the highest level levels of synaptogenesis?

Infancy

How many lobes does the human brain have?

Four

Which of the four styles of parenting supports many positive developmental outcomes?

Authoritative

Which learning theory suggests that behavior is learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement, and punishment?

Social learning theory

A major difference between Erickson and Freud’s developmental theories is that Erickson’s theory is focused on ___ development.

Social

Silas is obese due to this diagnosis he might experience reductions in which areas?

Working memory, mental flexibility, and executive functioning

About how long does the puberty stage last?

3-4 years

While going through puberty, John notices an increase in penis in testicles size. These changes relate directly to __.

Primary sexual characteristics

Tiffany has just begun her monthly reproductive cycles where bleeding occurs. What is this called?

Menarche

Mark understands somewhat complicated ideas like time and logic because he has experienced these things and understands them. He has likely reached this Piagetian cognitive stage.

Concrete operational

Sternberg propose that intelligence included what?

Analytical, creative, and practical.

Not spatial

What hormone most directly plays a role in how you feel pleasure?

Dopamine

Alex heard that all students are smart therefore if you’re in this course, you are likely smart. He is using ___.

Deductive reasoning

Peter doesn’t steal the delicious sandwich because he knows stealing us against the law and considered wrong. Kohlberg would suggest Peter has reached this moral level ___.

Conventional

This refers to someone’s inability to understand that another person’s view or opinion may be different than their own __.

Egocentrism

A competitive ballet dancer is likely to have high levels of this type of intelligence.

Bodily-kinesthetic

The process where unused neural connections are cleared away so stronger connections can develop for those frequently needed is called __.

Synaptic pruning

The tendency in adolescence for members of a pee group to be similar to one another in behaviors and attitudes is called __.

Homophily

Who proposed that there are four identity statuses that 18 might pass through while formulating their personal identity?

James Marcia

In Erickson‘s fourth psychosocial stage children, master new skills and demonstrate competence. This stage is called ___.

Industry vs inferiority