unit 1 ap world history modern key terms

filiel piety

Respect and devotion shown to one's parents and ancestors, reflecting a strong sense of duty and honor in Confucian philosophy.

neoconfucisanism

A philosophical movement blending Confucianism with Buddhist and Daoist beliefs, emphasizing self-cultivation, moral development, and social harmony. Prominent during the Song and Ming dynasties in China.

confucianism

Chinese ethical and philosophical system emphasizing moral values, family loyalty, respect for elders, and social harmony. Founded by Confucius.

footbinding

Chinese practice of tightly binding young girls' feet to prevent growth, resulting in deformed feet. Practiced for centuries as a symbol of beauty and status.

Buddhism

Buddhism: A religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, emphasizing the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path to reach enlightenment and end suffering.

theravada buddhism

form of buddhism in srilanka based on chanting and rituals, focused on monks, not accessible to everyone

mahayana buddhism

Form of Buddhism created in Vietnam, focused on compassion and was available to everyone

tibetan buddhism

Form of Buddhism created in Tibet region of china, focused on mystical practices

chan buddhism

Form of Buddhism created in china, combination of daoism and Buddhism

champa rice

New innovation/type of rice introduced by Vietnam to china through tributary system. Drought resistant and can be grown multiple times a year. Allowed for a large population boom

grand canal

New transportation innovation created during song china. Allowed for easy and accessible trade within the region

junk

New Chinese ship that allowed for better travel while trading due to easy navigation and large storage spaces

magnetic compass

New technology created in song Chiba that allowed for easier navigation

judaism

First religion created out of the main three. Monotheistic religion with the prophet Abraham. Follows the religious book the Torah

christianity

Built based on the resurrection of the Jewish prophet Jesus Christ. Follows the religious book of the bible

islam

Monotheistic religion based on the teachings of the Muhammad. Focus on the five pillars and acts of righteousness

abbasid caliphate

Islamic caliphate after Umayyad. Had the golden age of Islam with the house of wisdom and Nasir Al din Al Tutsi

ummayad caliphate

First Islamic caliphate

seljuk turks

groups of turks that took over the abassid caliphate. they were taken in as slaves and warriors by the abassids, but eventually rose to power and defeated the abbasids.

mamluk

group of turks that took over egyptian caliphate

delhi sultanate

turkic islamic group that ruled over northern India after the rajput kingdoms. They atttempted to spread islam thorughout india but failed due to the strong influence of hinduism.

nasir al din al tusi

a Persian polymath who made significant contributions to various fields, including mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and ethics.

house of wisdom

Prominent center of learning in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age, fostering advancements in science, mathematics, and philosophy.

hinduism

Oldest major religion

• Polytheistic

• Dharma, karma, and moksha are key concepts

• Vedas and Upanishads are sacred texts

buddishm

Religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, emphasizing the Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, and enlightenment through meditation and mindfulness practices.

caste system

Social hierarchy based on hereditary, rigid class divisions in society. Determines one's social status, occupation, and opportunities based on birth.

bhkati movement

A devotional trend in Hinduism, emphasizing love and devotion towards a personal god, aiming for spiritual connection and salvation.

sufism

Mystical branch of Islam focused on seeking inner spiritual connection with the divine through practices like meditation and chanting.

srivijaya nagara empire

A powerful maritime empire in Southeast Asia from the 7th to 13th century, known for its control over trade routes and cultural influence in the region. Controlled the strait of malacca

majapahit empire

• Based on java

• Controlled sea routes

• Buddhist

strait of Malacca

waterway that allowed travel between to India and China, controleld by the Srivijaya empire

angkor wat

temple built in khmer empire, intiially was a hindu temple, later converted + preserved as buddhist temple

Mayan civilization

• The southern part of Mexico

• City state government

  • Each ruled by a king 

  • Wars btwn city-states

• Human sacrifice

• When king died, he became god

• Taxes: crops + hard labor to government

• No standing army = civilian army

• Complex writing system

• Created rubber

• Accurate calendars

aztec civilization

• Aka Mexicas

• Capital: Tenochtitlan

  • Network of aqueducts

  • Stone pyramids

  • Chinampas

    • Floating gardens

  • Irrigation systems

• Central Mexico

• Tribute system

  • Conquered people were forced to pay tribute, surrender lands, perform military service

    • Tributes included goods, clothes, firewood, beads, feathers, jewelry

• City-states are divided into provinces

• Theocracy

  • Rule of religious leaders

    • Great speaker

  • Land owning nobles

  • Scribes + healers

  • Craftspeople + traders

  • Peasants + soldiers

human sacrifice

religious practice conducted by populations + civilizations in the Americas, a way to satisfy the needs of the Sun god

Inca civilization

• Ecuador to chile

• Split into 4 provinces

• No tributes

• Mit’a system: mandatory public service

  • Agricultural labor + construction of roads

• Sun god

  • Temple of the sun

• Animism: elements of the physical world had supernatural powers

• Quipu: a system of knotted strings to record a number of data

• Great bridges + roads

• Decline:

  • Spanish conquistador francisco pizarro 1532

    • Came in during the Civil War

      • Weakened army

    • Diseases brought by Europeans

wari civilization

civilization before incas, had a lot of influence on the style on incan rule

mita system

• mandatory public service

  • Agricultural labor + construction of roads

quipu

• a system of knotted strings to record a number of data

mounds

structures built Misssissipian civilizations as houses

mississipian civilization

• Big earth mounds

• Rigid class structure

  • Chief: great sun

  • Priests + nobles

  • Farmers + hunters or merchants + artisans

  • Enslaved people

• Matrilineal society

  • Social standing depends on the women’s side of the family

swahili civilizations

• east coast of africa

• independent city states

• focused on trade

• timber + slaves + gold

• Islamic

• swahili language = arabic + bantu

hausa kingdoms

• Connected through kinship ties

• Seven states

• Benefited from trans-saharan trade

• Lacked central authority

• Decline:

  • Constant domination

great Zimbabwe

• Stone housing

• Situated btwn Zambezi + Limpopo rivers

• Agriculture + trade + grazing + gold

• Taxes on gold made Kingdoms wealthy

• Traded with coastal city-states

• Tied into Indian Ocean trade

• Swahili = arabic + bantu

  • Strong Arabic influence

• Decline:

  • Great zimbabwe: stone wall to protect city

  • Overgrazing damaged environment

ethiopian civilization

• christian

• salt trade

• centralized powers

• Expressed PWR through architecture

  • Churches made out of rock + stone

  • Ethiopian Christianity developed differently

eastern orthodox

• chirstianity branching from the byzantine empire

• kept alive by people of krevan

Roman Catholic

• Western part of Europe

• hierarchal

feudalism

• a decentralized political organization based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty

  • Mutual obligations

  • King gave land to lords

    • Lords owed service to the king

  • Lord gave land to a knight

    • Knights protected king or lord

  • Lord gave land to peasants

    • Peasants farmed on that land

  • Currency: land

manorialism

• Manors

• Economic self-sufficiency + defense

• Small towns w. Small occupations

• Serfs = peasants, tied to land

serfs

•  peasants, tied to land