history unit 1

Reconstruction

Historic period in the US aimed at integrating millions of newly freed African Americans into social, political, and labor systems.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all people born in the US.

15th Amendment

Gave African Americans the right to vote.

Freedmen’s Bureau

Provided assistance to formerly enslaved people and impoverished whites in southern states.

Andrew Johnson

17th president of the US, considered the worst president due to clashes with Congress and opposition to rights for African Americans.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the US, known for building the Republican Party into a strong national organization.

Black Codes

Laws that restricted African Americans' rights to own property, conduct business, and move freely.

Impact of Electricity

Enabled industrialization of cities with longer factory hours, new machinery, and better lighting.

Transcontinental Railroad

Reduced travel time between the East and West coasts, allowing for increased distribution of goods.

Child Labor

Work by young people in hazardous conditions harmful to their development.

Laissez-Faire

Policy of allowing things to take their own course without government interference.

Andrew Carnegie

Businessman known for his work in iron, steamers, railroads, and oil.

Homestead Strike

A violent confrontation between workers and security guards that resulted in deaths and injuries.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of the Standard Oil Company and involved in charity.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

One of America's richest men who owned the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad.

Great Railroad Strike

Led to violent strikes due to wage cuts and poor working conditions.

Scab Workers

Individuals who worked during a strike.

J.P. Morgan

A leader in investment banking and finance.

Monopoly

Situation where one company dominates a service and controls the entire supply.

Vertical Integration

Combining two or more stages of production, typically operated by separate companies.

Horizontal Integration

Occurs when a company acquires or merges with another company at the same level in the industry.

Tenements/Slums

Poorly built structures made of cheap materials that were unsafe for living.

Old vs. New Immigrants

Old immigrants mainly from Northwestern Europe who spoke English; new immigrants primarily from Southeastern Europe with limited English.

Push/Pull Factors

Push factors are reasons people emigrate, while pull factors attract people to settle in a new country.

Nativism

Political policy that promotes the interests of native inhabitants against immigrants.

Literacy Tests

Assessments of a person's ability to read or write.

Chinese Exclusion Act

First significant law restricting immigration, banning Chinese laborers for ten years.

National Origins Act

Limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the US.

Meat Inspection Act

Ensured public safety by regulating the meat supply.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Protected public health by ensuring the safety of the food supply and cosmetics.

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who wrote 'The Jungle', influencing the creation of the FDA and the Meat Inspection Act.

Progressive Movement

Political movement aimed at social and political reform at the turn of the century.

Muckrakers

Journalists and writers in the progressive era who exposed corruption and wrongdoing.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

Teddy Roosevelt

26th and youngest president, leader of the progressive movement.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Important African American protest leader who fought for education.

Booker T. Washington

African American author and leader in black education.