Macromolecules

Hydroxyl

• Polar

• Alcohols

• can make h bonds

carbonyl

• Polar

• ketone: within carbon skeleton

• aldehyde: end of carbon skeleton

carboxyl

• Polar

• Weak acid (donate h+)

amino

• polar

• weak base (accept h+)

sulfhydyl group

• polar

• disulfide bridges in proteins (tertiary and quatrenary structure)

phosphate group

• polar

• gives neg charge

methyl

• nonpolr

• dna methylation - modifies DNA, proteins

Cellulose

• plant

• 1-4 betaglucose linkage

• no branching

• linear sheets

Amylose (starch)

• plant

• 1-4 alpha glucose

• no branching

• loop shape

Amylopectin (starch)

• pant

• 1-4 & 1-6 alpha glcose

• branching shape

glycogen

• animals

• 1-4 and 1-6 alpha glucose

• branching

carbohydrates

• monosaccharides linked by glycosidic linkage

• carbon backbone w/ carbonyl and hydroxyl groups

• (CH₂O)_N

lipids

• largely hydrophobic

• fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipid, steroid

fatty acids

• long c-h change w/ carboxyl at end (partially polar)

• saturated: straight, no double bond, solid at room temp

• unsaturated: bent, double bond, liquid at room temp

triglycerides

• glycerol + 3 fatty acids

• ester linkage: OH + H

• energy storage - fats (unsaturated) and oils (saturated)

phospholipid

• glycerol backbobe + 2x fatty acid + phosphate & polar head

• modified w glycoproteins, lipids, sugars

steroids

• 4 fused carbon rings

• steroids and signaling molecules

direction of nucleic acid growth

5’-3’ (added to 3’ OH group)

parts of nucleic acid

phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base

purines

• 2 rings

• a & g

pyrimidine

• 1 ring

• T/U & C

types of rna

• mRna (instruction for protein)

• tRNa (adapter between mRNA and amino acid)

• rRna (forms ribosome, catalyzes rxn)

parts of amino acid

• amino, central carbon (usually chiral), r group, carboxyl acid

types of proteins

enzyme, defensive, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, contractile, structural

alpha helices

• every 4th nucleic acid forms h bond

beta pleated sheets

• h bond btwn 2 parallel/antiparallel strands

• n terminal → c terminal

tertiary structure

hydrophobic/philic, disulfide, hbond, ionic bond, vander waals

fibrous tertiary structure

• thready, structural

globular tertiary structure

big globs, functional