Lifespan: Exam 1 - Language & Prenatal Development

Receptive Language

The understanding or comprehension of language

Expressive Language

Using language through speech, sign, or alternative forms of communication to communicate wants, needs, thoughts, and ideas

Speech Disorder

An impairment of the articulation of speech sounds, fluency, and/or voice

Articulation Disorder

A speech sound disorder where a person has difficulty producing individual speech sounds correctly, leading to distorted, substituted, or omitted sounds in words. 

Example: List or “wabbit” for “rabbit”

Fluency Disorder

A condition that affects the rhythm and flow of speech

Example: Stutter

Voice Disorder

Problems with pitch, volume, tone, and other qualities of your voice 

Example: Dysphonia

Dysarthria

Motor speech disorder; muscles used for speech are weak or not well coordinated

Dyspraxia

Motor speech disorder; difficulty in brain communicating to muscles in how to move. 

A language disorder

Impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems

Forms of language

Phonology, morphology, syntax

Phonology

The system of contrastive relationship among the speech sounds that constitutes the fundamental component so of a language 

• Units of sound (speech) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language

Morphology

The study of word structures and the smallest meaningful units of language, called morphemes.

• Structure and construction of words

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language

• Set of rules in a language

Content of Language

Semantics

Semantics

meaning of words, phrases, and sentences, and how they are used in communication

Function of Language

Pragmatics

Pragmatics

Social rules of communication and how we use language in social situations 

Teratogens that Effect Development: Medications/Drugs

Limb defects, hearing loss, neural tube defects, dysmorphic features, heart defects

Teratogens that Effect Development: Maternal Infections

Hydrocephalus, intellectual disability, microcephaly, limb defects

Teratogens that Effect Development: Chemicals

Cerebral atrophy, spasticity, LBW

Teratogens that Effect Development: Maternal Disorders

Congenital heart defects, limb defects, neural tube defects, dysmorphism, microcephaly 

Teratogens that Effect Development: Reproductive Toxins

Pregnancy loss, LBW, neural tube defect, microcephaly, craniofacial dysmorphism 

Prenatal Viability: Weeks of gestation

24 weeks

Less than 24 weeks was 15.5% and with completed 2 weeks was 71.6% respectively. 

Viability: Birth Weight

Survival was higher when birth weight was > 500 g compared to ≤ 500g