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What distinguishes an electron microscope from a light microscope?
An electron microscope uses electrons, providing greater magnification and resolution.
What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
The endoplasmic reticulum aids in protein synthesis and acts as a transportation system for proteins.
Describe the structure of a DNA molecule.
A DNA molecule consists of two strands coiled around each other, forming a double helix, with linked nucleotides and complementary bases.
What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering involves forming recombinant DNA by inserting a gene from one species into the DNA of another.
What are transgenic organisms?
Transgenic organisms are those that have received a gene from a different species.
What are two types of DNA found in bacteria?
Bacteria contain circular chromosomes in the cytoplasm and plasmids.
How does restriction endonuclease function in genetic engineering?
Restriction endonuclease cuts DNA at specific points to remove or insert genes.
What proteins are produced by genetically modified microorganisms? Name one example.
Genetically modified microorganisms can produce human insulin, which is essential for diabetes treatment.
What process involves Agrobacterium in genetic modification of plants?
Agrobacterium is used as a vector to insert desired genes into plant cells.
What are the four stages of mitosis?
The four stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
What type of muscle is involuntary and cannot be consciously controlled?
Smooth muscles are involuntary and are found in the walls of organs.
What distinguishes cardiac muscle from other muscle types?
Cardiac muscle is striated, has branched cells, and contracts rhythmically without tiring.
Describe the difference between DNA replication and protein synthesis.
DNA replication copies DNA using two template strands, while protein synthesis uses one template strand (RNA) to make proteins.
What is the role of the enzyme helicase in DNA replication?
Helicase unwinds the double helix and breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
What is muscle tone?
Muscle tone is a state of partial contraction that keeps muscles taut without causing movement.
What is the function of lactase in lactose-free milk production?
Lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose for people who are lactose intolerant.
How does smoking impact lung function?
Smoking can destroy cilia, decrease oxygen supply, cause respiratory illnesses, and damage lung tissue.
What is the physiological effect of paracetamol?
Paracetamol inhibits the production of pain-causing chemicals (prostaglandins) to relieve pain.
What is osteoporosis, and what causes it?
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become porous due to loss of calcium, leading to increased fracture risk.
What are monoclonal antibodies, and why are they significant?
Monoclonal antibodies are lab-created antibodies used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases, targeted for specific antigens.
What is the primary role of the thyroid hormone thyroxine?
Thyroxine increases the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and is involved in protein synthesis.
What happens during the incubation period of a disease?
During the incubation period, the pathogen reproduces and the host shows no symptoms.
How does exercise affect heart rate?
Exercise increases heart rate to supply more oxygen and nutrients to muscles.
What is the effect of limiting dietary calcium on bone health?
A lack of dietary calcium can lead to weaker bones and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
What genetic condition is related to mutations in the CFTR gene?
Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to thick, sticky mucus production.
Describe what happens to a blood group O individual when receiving blood from group A.
A person with blood group O will have an immune reaction against group A blood due to the presence of Anti-A antibodies.
What mechanism is used to counteract blood loss from an injury?
Thrombokinase converts prothrombin to thrombin, leading to clot formation and preventing further blood loss.
What is the primary component of each tooth that supports its structure?
Enamel is the hardest substance in the body, covering the tooth and protecting it from decay.
What is the consequence of prolonged HIV infection?
Prolonged HIV infection leads to depletion of T-helper cells, weakening the immune system and causing opportunistic infections.
What causes the observable symptoms of depression?
Chemical imbalances, including low serotonin levels, contribute to symptoms of depression.
How does the contraceptive pill function?
The contraceptive pill alters hormonal levels to suppress ovulation and prevent pregnancy.
What role do enzymes play in biological reactions?
Enzymes catalyze and speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
