LCS

What is development?

A pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan, involving growth and decline.

Difference between Nature vs. Nurture?

• Nature: Biological/genetic predispositions

• Nurture: Influences of learning and environment

Examples of individual differences affecting development?

Age, Gender, Ethnic Background

What are risk factors?

Internal/external conditions that negatively affect development.

What are protective factors?

Internal/external conditions that positively affect development.

What are the 4 domains of development?

Physical, Psycho-social, Cognitive, Moral

Prenatal stages?

1. Germinal (0–2 wks)

2. Embryonic (3–8 wks, sensitive to teratogens)

3. Fetal (9 wks–birth)

Instincts of babies?

Root reflex (find food), Suck reflex (take food), Moro reflex (startle)

• Infancy & Toddlerhood (0–2 yrs)

• Rapid growth, attachment

• Early Childhood (2–6 yrs)

• Language, social skills, motor skills

• Middle Childhood (6–12 yrs)

• Muscle strength, motor skill improvement

• Early Adolescence (12–18 yrs)

• Puberty, peer importance

• Late Adolescence (18–21 yrs)

• Mature thinking, stable identity

• Early Adulthood (18–40 yrs)

• Intimacy, career, physical peak

• Middle Adulthood (40–65 yrs)

• Career, family, decline starts

• Late Adulthood (65+ yrs)

• Reflection, decline, frailty

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0–2)

1. Hope

2. Autonomy vs. Shame (2–4)

2. Will

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (4–5)

3. Purpose

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5–12)

4. Competence

.

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12–19)

5. Fidelity

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20–40)

6. Love

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40–65)

7. Care

8. Integrity vs. Despair (65+)

8. Wisdom

What are Piaget’s 4 stages?

1. Sensorimotor

2. Preoperational

3. Concrete Operational

4. Formal Operational

^

1. Sensorimotor (0–2)

1. Object permanence

2. Preoperational (2–7)

2. Symbolic thought, egocentrism, animism, centration

.

3. Concrete Operational (7–11)

3. Logical thought, conservation, classification

4. Formal Operational (12+)

4. Abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking

• Schema

• Mental file folders of knowledge

• Assimilation

• Fit new info into existing schema

• Accommodation

• Change schema to fit new info

• Pre-conventional (childhood)

• Avoid punishment, self-interest

• Conventional (teens/adults)

• Gain approval, maintain social order

• Post-conventional (advanced)

• Social contract, universal principles

Meaning of adolescence?

Latin adolescere = “to grow to maturity” → stage of stress and storm

Havighurst’s key developmental tasks?

Adjust to physical growth, develop identity, build peer relations, manage school demands, establish career goals, gain independence, manage sexuality, adopt values, control impulses.

James Marcia’s theory?

Based on Crisis (exploration) and Commitment (decision-making).

Healthy habits for children?

Eating, physical activity, sleep, stress management

Healthy habits for adolescents?

Eating, exercise, sleep, hygiene, avoid substances, reproductive health awareness

Healthy habits for adults?

Eating, exercise, sleep, stress management, smoke-free lifestyle, health checkups