Lab Block 3: Comprehensive Anatomy and Physiology of the GI Tract, Liver, Kidneys, Muscles, and Reproductive System

Peristalsis

are coordinated muscle movements that move food from one stage to the next

Bolus

is what food is called once digestion begins

Chyme

is what food is called once it leaves the stomach

Proteins

broken down into amino acids; this occurs via proteases

Carbohydrates

broken down into monosaccharides; this occurs via amylases

Fats

broken down into fatty acids; this occurs via lipases

Longitudinal muscle

the superficial layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach

Circular muscle

the middle layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach

Oblique muscle

the deep layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach

Chief cells

produce pepsinogen

Parietal cells

produce HCL and intrinsic factor

Free teniae coli

located on the anterior surface, free from any attachments

Omental teniae coli

located at the site of the greater omentum attachment

Mesocolic teniae coli

located on the side of the colon where the mesocolon (part of the mesentery) attaches

Common bile duct

drains directly into the duodenum

Hepatic portal vein

one of the structures of the portal triad

Proper hepatic artery

one of the structures of the portal triad

Ligamentum Venosum

the adult name for the fetal remnant ductus venosus

Round/Teres ligament of the liver

the adult name for the fetal remnant L. umbilical V.

Bile synthesis

occurs in the liver and is stored/concentrated in the gall bladder

CCK (cholecystokinin)

the chemical signal that stimulates bile secretion and is secreted by i-cells

Function of bile

to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones, and to carry waste products from the body

Puborecalis

Pubococcygenus

Ilococcygenus

Iliac crest palpation level

At L4

Sacrospinous Ligament

From the sacrum to the ischial spine

Sarcotuberous Ligament

From the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity (as well as the posterior iliac spine)

Greater sciatic foramen contents

Piriformis (muscle), Sciatic nerve

Lesser sciatic foramen contents

Obturator internus (muscle), Pudendal nerve

Internal anal sphincter innervation

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system

External anal sphincter innervation

Pudendal n.

Gonads in females

Ovaries

Gonads in males

Testicles

Glans in females

Glans Clitoris

Glans in males

Glans Penis

Ovarian a. & v.

Testicular a. & v.

Prostate gland presence

Present in males, absent in females

Paraurethral glands of Skene

1 pouch in females

Rectovesical pouch

1 pouch in males

Bulbourethral gland/Cowper's Gland

1 pouch in males

Vesicouterine pouch

1 pouch in females

Rectouterine/Douglas/Cul-de-sac

1 pouch in females

Greater vestibular gland/Bartholin's gland

1 gland in females

Urethra in females

Shorter, more prone to UTI

Urethra in males

Longer, less prone to UTI

Pathway of sperm

1. Seminiferous tubules 2. Epididymis 3. Vas deferens 4. Ejaculatory duct 5. Nothing 6. Urethra 7. Penis

Genetic male urethra parts

1. Pre-prostatic 2. Prostatic 3. Membranous 4. Spongy

Location of fertilization in females

In the Ampulla (fallopian tube)

Broad ligament covering the ovary

Mesovarium

Broad ligament covering the uterus

Mesometrium

Broad ligament covering the fallopian tube

Mesosalpinx