Unit 9

What and how did new technologies make globalization possible?

Radio - brought news, music, and cultural events to a wide range of people

Air travel/shipping containers - promoted the widespread movement of people and goods

Energy (oil and nuclear) - made it possible to transport goods faster and more cheaply

Internet - emerged as a regular tool of communication for much of the public

Cell phones - put the tools of information creation and dissemination into the hands of individuals around the world. (Twitter, Facebook, etc). Videos taken on phones of police actions sparked outrage. Played a role in the "Arab Spring," antigovernment protests in North Africa and the Middle East.

What was the Green Revolution?

* Long-term response to hunger - Scientists developed new grains that had higher yields and greater resistance to pests, diseases, and drought.
* Involved crossbreeding, genetic engineering, irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides.
* Acreage devoted to crops increased dramatically worldwide

What were the flaws of the Green Revolution?

* Small farmers could not afford fertilizers and pesticides - could not keep up w/ large landowners, sold land
* Mechanized equipment limited jobs
* Chemicals used damage soil and environment
* Genetic engineered plant-insect resistance may cause decline of old seed varieties or pollinating

What changes occurred in energy technologies?

* Technological advancements in extraction, refinement, and transportation led to increased use in petroleum
* Use of coal and natural gas
* First use of nuclear powerplants
* Wind and solar power adopted as renewable sources of energy

What are the consequences of energy technology?

* Petroleum, coal, natural gas, fossil fuels are non renewable
* Fossil fuels contribute to air pollution and global warming
* Nuclear plants pose risk of leaked radiation

What medical innovations were created?

* Antibiotic - first antibiotic was penicillin, useful agent in curing bacterial infections
* Reliable birth control, fertility rates decrease, reshaped gender roles
* Vaccines, prevent deadly diseases such as polio, measles, smallpox, etc.

What is malaria?

A parasitic disease spread by mosquitoes in tropical areas, vaccine still in trial

What is Doctors Without Borders?

International non-governmental organization, treating disease

What is tuberculosis?

Associated with poverty, an airborne infection that spreads through coughs and sneezes and affects the lungs. A cure was developed involving antibiotics and a long period of rest, in the early 21st century, a strain of tuberculosis resistant to the usual antibiotics appeared.

What is cholera?

A bacterial disease that spreads through contaminated water. Like tuberculosis and malaria, cholera affects mainly poor people in developing countries. Methods to counter cholera include boiling or chlorinating drinking water and washing hands. A severe cholera infection can kill within a few hours, but quickly rehydrating an exposed person can effectively eliminate the risk of death.

What is polio?

Another disease caused by water contaminated by a virus transmitted in fecal matter, eliminated in many countries through vaccine.

What was the 1918-1919 flu?

Devastating flu in America following end of World War, infected 1/4th of US, spread along trade routes and military troops

What was the HIV/AIDS epidemic?

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) weakens the immune system, so people more easily succumb to other illnesses. Antiretroviral drugs could stop HIV from weakening the immune system, however, the drugs were very expensive, so access to treatment was difficult for patients in poor countries.

What is the Ebola epidemic?

Discovered in the Congo, Ebola is a deadly disease that causes extensive bleeding, organ failure, and, for the majority of infected people, death. In 2014, a massive outbreak in West Africa caused fear around the world.

What were diseases associated with longevity?

* Heart disease - combatted through the heart transplant, artificial heart, and other procedures
* Alzheimer’s disease

What environmental problems were caused by human agricultural, industrial, and commercial activity?

* Deforestation
* Desertification
* Decline in air quality
* Increased consumption of fresh water
* Climate change

What were the causes of environmental changes?

* Population growth - higher demand for croplands and water resources
* Urbanization - intensive farming methods, clearing of land, waste production and water pollution
* Globalization and Industrialization - Demand for energy and natural resources, new middle class demands cars

What are the effects of environmental change?

* Resource deletion (oil, coal, etc.)
* Inequality and Scarce Resources (water scarcity is time-consuming → lower education and jobs)
* Changes in atmosphere (Greenhouse effect)
* Development of renewable energy
* Environmental awareness (Green Party, Green Belt Movement)

What global action has been taken to reduce countries’ carbon footprints?

Kyoto Protocol - Developed nations in Western Europe, needed to curb the increasing output of carbon dioxide. However, the United States refused to ratify it, and China and India were not required to agree to the strictest terms of the protocol.

Paris Agreement - Leaders of both the United States and China supported this new deal to make progress against global warming. However, the United States would withdraw.

How was global trade encouraged after the Cold War?

Global trade exploded with the end of the Cold War. The new global economy was part of a renewed emphasis on market-oriented policy advocated by leaders such as Ronald Reagan in the United States and Margaret Thatcher in Great Britain. They advocated cutting taxes, regulations, and government assistance to the poor as a way to promote economic growth. At the same time, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America.

What is economic liberalization?

The Eastern Bloc nations that had been under Soviet control suddenly could trade freely with capitalist democracies. India and other countries that had been nonaligned during the Cold War relaxed restrictions on trade. This opening up of a country's economy is called economic liberalization.

What are free markets, and who advocated for them?

Ronald Reagan (US) and Margaret Thatcher (B) wanted free markets, which are economic systems based on supply and demand, with as little government control as possible. While Reagan and Thatcher were strongly nationalistic, corporations used the shift in emphasis to move jobs to countries with lower wages, lower taxes, and fewer regulations.

What was the economic liberalization in Chile?

During Augusto Pinochet’s rule, the Chilean economy took a turn away from state control toward a free-market approach. Among the goals of this approach were privatizing formerly state-run businesses and taming the serious inflation Chile was experiencing. The reforms were unpopular because they did not address poverty and other social concerns. Subsequent administrations, using a combination of economic growth as a result of free trade and government programs to significantly reduce poverty.

What were the Chinese Economic Reforms?

Under Deng Xiaoping, the Communist Party backed away from its commitment to economic equality, and more actively promoted economic growth. These policies included:

* Replacing communes with peasant-leased plots of land where peasants could grow their own crops and sell them in markets.
* It allowed factories to produce more products for consumers.
* It encouraged foreign companies to set up factories in special economic zone through low wages and lax environmental laws.
* It reopened the Shanghai stock market and allowed private ownership of some businesses.

What was Tiananmen Square?

a large but peaceful student-led demonstration in Tiananmen Square in Beijing was met by force from the government. Soldiers using guns and tanks broke up the demonstrations, killing hundreds of people.

What was the knowledge economy?

A knowledge economy creates, distributes, and uses knowledge and information. Designers, engineers, teachers, and many others have jobs in the knowledge economy. (ex. Silicon Valley)

What was the Knowledge Economy in Finland

* Previously Agrarian economy, industrializes after WWII
* Following collapse of Soviet Union Finland loses one of its main customers of manufactured goods
* Turns to global marketplace, experiences great economic wealth through technology of innovation of mobile phones

What was Japanese Economic Growth?

After World War II, Japan implemented economic policies similar to mercantilist policies that were designed to increase exports and decrease imports, as well as policies to boost competitiveness:

* Subsidies to keep export costs low
* Placed high tariffs and trade restrictions on imports
* Rigorous educations

Japanese unions began to demand high wagers and lessened trade restrictions. Japan's economy diversified, and it became a knowledge economy.

What are the Asian Tigers?

Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Like Japan, these states prospered through government-business partnerships, high exports, intense education, and a low-wage workforce. The success of the Asian Tigers and China raised hundreds of millions of people from poverty.

What is the economic significance of Vietnam and Bangladesh today?

Lower labor costs than China, US or Europe - have become known for their exports of clothing. Workers have demanded high wages and better working conditions.

What is manufacturing in Mexico and Honduras like?

The United States, Canada, and Mexico negotiated NAFTA, (North American Free Trade Agreement) - encouraged U.S. and Canadian industries to build factories in Mexico that used low-wage Mexican labor to produce tariff-free goods for foreign export. Many of these workers were exposed to harsh working conditions and export of jobs to Mexico.

Honduras has tried to apply principles of sustainability for its works by recycling or treating its waste materials, fair labor practices, including housing and education plans for workers.

Name some regional trade organizations

The European Economic Community, Mercosur (in South America), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

What was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT)?

Many countries signed an international accord, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which lifted restrictive barriers to trade. Protective tariffs are taxes on foreign import. By lowering and eliminating many tariffs, the agreement promoted more international trade and helped restore economic prosperity Europe.

What was the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

Replaced GATT, made rules that governed international trade. The organization's rules favored trade over consideration of issues of moral concern.

What is a multinational corporation?

A multinational corporation is one that is legally incorporated in one country but that makes or sells goods or services in one or more other countries. (Ex. Microsoft, Google, Mahindra & Mahindra, Nestle)

What was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

the United Nations laid the groundwork for an era of rights when it adopted a foundational document, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, asserting basic rights and fundamental freedoms for all human beings.

What was the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)?

Created by UN to provide food for children in Europe who were still suffering more than a year after the end of World War II.

What is The International Court of Justice?

The International Court of Justice is a judicial body set up by the original UN charter. It settles disputes over international law that countries bring to it. Also called the World Court, it has 15 judges, and each must be a citizen of a different country. It often deals with border disputes and treaty violations.

What was the Women’s March and what did it symbolize?

he day after Donald Trump's inauguration as president, the Women's March on Washington drew demonstrators standing up for women's rights and other concerns. However, the march drew even more power from the millions more demonstrators who took part in locations on every continent around the globe. As many as five million people stood together that day representing a global solidarity for feminism.

What was the1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women?

outlined many rights and protections that are cornerstones of global feminism:

• The right to vote and to hold office

• The right to freely choose a spouse

• The right to access the same education as men

• The right to access family planning resources and birth control.

What was the Negritude Movement?

took root primarily in French West Africa, emphasized pride in "blackness," the rejection of French colonial authority, and the right to self-determination.

Who was Léopold Sédar Senghor?

Léopold Sédar Senghor of Senegal wrote poems about

the beauty and uniqueness of African culture

What was Liberation theology?

combined socialism with Catholicism, spread through Latin America in the 1950s and 1960s. It interpreted the teachings of Jesus to include freeing people from the abuses of economic, political, and social conditions. Part of this liberation included redistributing some wealth from the rich to the poor.

* Nicaragua toppled dictator and instituted socialism
* In Venezuela, President Hugo Chåvez was deeply

influenced by the movement
* The Roman Catholic Church selected a cardinal from Argentina as pope, Pope Francis, who supported liberation theology

What is the 1965 Civil Rights Act?

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

What was the 1965 Voting Rights Act?

banned discrimination in voting, the federal government stepped in to protect the rights of all citizens

What was South Africa’s colonial legacy?

South Africa's system of apartheid enforced the segregation of people based on race. Although white South Africans were a minority in South Africa's population, apartheid reserved good jobs and other privileges for them. So-called pass laws required black South Africans to carry identity documents. They were banned from living in certain areas of the country. Mixed marriages were prohibited. Classes for blacks were taught only in Afrikaans.

Who was Desmond Tutu?

Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, and human rights activist.

Who was Nelson Mandela?

a leader of the African National Congress (ANC), was imprisoned for life for agitating against apartheid. Mandela's imprisonment inspired a global movement to end apartheid. Was sworn in as first president.

What was the African National Congress (ANC)

The ANC's primary goals were to end white domination and create a multiracial South Africa

What is a pariah state?

a undesirable state

Who was F.W. de Klerk?

The nations acting president, negotiated w/ Nelson Mandela to release him from prison and end apartheid

What was the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)?

the TRC sought to restore and establish an atmosphere of trust in the new multiracial South Africa. The TRC organized a series of public hearings designed to expose the truth of human rights violations that occurred during Apartheid.

What was the caste reservation system?

Through this system, the government guaranteed that a certain percentage of government and public sector jobs and enrollment in higher education would be set aside for people whose caste had conferred an underprivileged life.

How were human rights repressed in China.

* Full communist control, killed and imprisoned political opponents
* Censored news industry and education
* All nonstate organization had to register with governments, international nongovernmental organizations now allowed to operate in China
* Opposing political parties not allowed in governing system

What are the demands of China’s ethnic minorities

Tibetans - autonomy, independence

Uighurs - religious and political discrimination

Mongolia people - environmental damage of land

Earth Day

a day for people to focus on environmental awareness. Organizers hoped to highlight recycling, developing alternative energy, eating locally grown and organic foods, and passing antipollution legislation

Greenpeace

a multinational agency, battles deforestation, desertification, global warming, the killing of whales, and overfishing

What is modernism?

a rejection of tradition in favor of experimentation and uncertainty

What is consumer culture?

one in which people tended to focus more on what they bought and owned than on where they lived, what they did for a living, or what they believed.

Name 3 people who brought social change through science

Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Jean-Paul Sartre

What artistic changes happened?

* Cubism
* Stream-of-consciousness writing
* Harlem Renaissance

What is popular culture, and how did it change?

popular culture—the culture of everyday people rather than the educated elite, expressed itself through new media: radio and motion (ex. Charlie Chaplin)

What is Americanization?

In the early 21st century, the United States remained the world's most influential culture. Through Americanization, people the world over learned more about the United States than Americans learned about the rest of the world.

What is a throwaway culture?

In the early 21st century, many people around the world considered American consumer culture to be throwaway culture. They objected to the waste and pollution that was part of the focus on newer, cheaper, more disposable products.

What are examples of global brands?

Apple, Nike, Rolex, Google, Amazon,

Microsoft, and Facebook

What are examples of online commerce

Amazon, Alibaba, eBay

What are examples of global influences on popular culture?

Bollywood, Anime, Reggae, K-pop

What are modern forms of social media?

Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat

China - eChat, Weibo, and YuKu

What are examples of global culture through sports?

Olympic Games, World Cup

What was the Hari Krishna movemet?

A Beatles band member released a song containing the words of a Hindu mantra. This launched the popularity of the movement, which was based on traditional Hindu scriptures.

What was Falun Gong?

a movement based on Buddhist and Daoist traditions, gained popularity.

What was the “Battle of Seattle”?

In 1999, protests erupted at a WTO conference in Seattle. The WTO had planned a round of trade negotiations for the new millennium. They shut down the WTO's meeting and drew global attention to the issues of the new global economy.

Why did people resist globalization?

* Child labor needed to produce chocolate
* Poor working conditions of Amazon workers
* Collapse of Rana Plaza Factory
* Fuel used for shipping and deforestation worsen environment

What was the Indian National Congress, and why was it founded?

Led by Gandhi Formation of Hindu Indian nationalists who wanted self-rule or representation in British Raj

What was the Muslim League?

Created in response to Hindu Nationalism, led by Muhammed Ali Jinnah, petitioned the British for more say in the government for Indian Muslims and for laws and policies that would favor the people they represented. used a combination of non-violent protests, civil disobedience, and negotiations to achieve their goal.

What was civil disobedience?

Used by Ghandi as form of peaceful protest of unjust British laws

What was the Rowlatt Acts?

After WWI, many Indians thought their participation in the war on Brtain’’s behalf would win them autonomy. Instead, Britain tightened their rule on India through the Rowlatt Acts. Led to protest, and Massacre of Amritsar.

What was the Amritsar Massacre?

The Rowlett Acts were met by widespread anger and discontent among Indians. Gandhi called for a one-day general strike throughout the country. In Amritsar, the news that prominent Indian leaders had been arrested and banished from the city sparked violent protests in which soldiers fired upon civilians, buildings were looted and burned, and angry mobs killed several foreign nationals. Among the measures taken was a ban on public gatherings.

What was the Homespun movement?

Gandhi argued that India needed to be self-sufficient and so they would not have to not rely on the British. One of way of doing this, he claimed was for Indians to make their own clothes. The push for Indians to give up buying British textiles and to make their own clothes was called the Homespun Movement.

What was the Salt March?

Britain’s Salt Act of prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt, a staple in their diet. Indian citizens were forced to buy the vital mineral from their British rulers, who, in addition to exercising a monopoly over the manufacture and sale of salt, also charged a heavy salt tax. Defying the Salt Act, Gandhi reasoned, would be an ingeniously simple way for many Indians to break a British law nonviolently (civil disobedience)

What as the Government of India Act of 1935?

a new plan for ruling India that involved more Indian participation in the government and free elections to select representatives from each province

What was the Lahore Resolution?

When the first elections took place, the Indian National Congress candidates won a majority of the provinces, while the Muslim League did poorly in the election. the Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah wrote the Lahore Resolution, a statement that demanded that India be separated into two states: one for Hindus and one for Muslims.

What was the Quit India movement?

At the outbreak of WWII, the British pulled India into the conflict without consulting the elected Indian representatives. In response, all of the elected Indian officials resigned from the government. Gandhi and the Indian National Congress launched the Quit India Movement, demanding immediate independence for India.

What as the Partition of India and its effects?

This separation of India and Pakistan is known as the Partition of India. Partition triggered riots, mass casualties, and a colossal wave of migration. Millions of people moved to what they hoped would be safer territory, with Muslims heading towards Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs in the direction of India. As many as millions people may have been eventually displaced or killed. Many of the people concerned were very deeply attached not just to religious identity, but to territory, and Britain was reluctant to use its troops to maintain law and order. The situation was especially dangerous in Punjab, where weapons and demobilized soldiers were abundant.

What was the Algerian War of independence?

The Algerian War was a war for Algerian independence from France. The movement for independence began after French promises of greater self-rule in Algeria went unfulfilled.

What was the National Liberation Front?

Algerian nationalist group, began a guerrilla war against France and sought diplomatic recognition at the UN to establish a sovereign Algerian state. Arms struggle attacks now known as Battle of Algiers.

Who was Ho Chi Minh?

Ho Chi Minh was a Vietnamese revolutionary and Marxist who had declared an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam against France. Initally used negotiation. Conflict between Communist North Vietnam and imperial powers escalated into armed struggle - Vietnam war

Who was Kwame Nkrumah?

Led Gold Coast nationalists in Ghana, advocated for freedom from British, formed radical Convention People’s Party. encouraged unity among Africans in order to gain control of their economy and natural resources as to combat poverty and gain freedom though peaceful negotiation

What as the Mau Mau uprising?

Kenyan independence uprising against British rule in order to reclaim land and independence and resist European colonization.

Who was Jomo Kenyatta?

Kenyan leader of Kikyu Central Association, Mau Mau movement and Kenyan African National Union. also suggests that they may have to use armed force in order to achieve freedom, education, better living conditions, and autonomy, encouraging that they “complain, demand, and accuse”.

Why would European Imperialists have an interest in the Middle East?

\-Oil Reserves

\-Suez Canal

\-Naval Defense

\-Connection of the trade routes

What interest would Arab nationalists have in the Middle East?

Young Turks want modernize the Area

\-Arab Nationalism-- Pan-Arabism

\-Holy Cities

\-Arabian Peninsula

What interests would Zionists have in the Middle East?

wanted a jewish homeland

\-jewish ppl were facing anti-semititism

\-wanted a new nation

\-originated from the area--biblical beliefs

\-holy cities

What was the Mandate System?

Division of the ottoman post ww1 in which the french and the british gain a mandate in each area

French-- syria & Lebanon

British -- palestine & jordan

What is the Balfour Declaration?

Following WWI, issued by the British government, expressing support for a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine

What is the Genocide of the Native Americans?

Native Americans removed from homelands in North America by European colonizers

What is the Armenia Genocide?

Young Turks target and drive out Armenian from Ottoman Empire

What was the Rape of Nanking?

Japanese Imperial Army invades Nanking China, destroying the city and brutalizing civilians

What as the Killing Fields/Cambodian Genocide/

Khemer Rouge political party’s communist peasant farming society led to mass starvation. Attempted to “purify” Cambodia of western culture by erasing all ethnic groups