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Attachment

An affectional bond that is a relatively long-enduring tie in which the partner is important as a unique individual and is not interchangeable.

Internal working model

Mental representations about attachment figures and what can be expected of them, ideas about the self, and how the self and others relate.

Proximity maintenance

One of the key characteristics of attachment, referring to the desire to be near attachment figures.

Safe haven

The ability to return to the attachment figure for comfort and safety when in distress.

Separation distress

The anxiety that occurs when the attachment figure departs.

Secure Attachment

An attachment style where infants show distress when caregivers leave but are happy upon their return.

Avoidant Attachment

An attachment style characterized by little distress when caregivers leave and avoiding the caregiver upon return.

Ambivalent Attachment

An attachment style where infants are very distressed when caregivers leave and are ambivalent upon their return.

Theory of Mind

The ability to attribute mental states such as beliefs, intentions, and attitudes to others.

Empathy

The ability to understand and share another person's feelings.

Pre-theory of mind

The first stage of ToM development occurring in the first year of life.

Desire stage

The second stage of ToM development occurring between 12-24 months.

Belief-desire stage

The third stage of ToM development occurring around 3 years old.

Representational stage

The fourth stage of ToM development starting around 4 years, involves understanding false beliefs.

Resilience

The capacity to adapt to stressful situations and 'bounce back' from harmful effects of severe adversity.

Positive Parenting Programme

An evidence-based program aimed at promoting positive parenting strategies and enhancing parent-child relationships.

Childhood Trauma

An emotionally painful, shocking, stressful, and sometimes life-threatening experience that may or may not involve physical injuries.

Scaffolding

A teaching method that consists of providing assistance until students are able to perform a task independently.

Neural pruning

The process that occurs around puberty where the brain eliminates extra neurons and synapses.

Nurturing mothers

Mothers who offer reassurance and support, positively impacting their children’s brain development.