polymorphism exam study
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175 Terms
Polymorphism
When a gene exists in 2 or more versions (alleles) in a population.
Alleles
Different versions of a gene that can exist in a population.
Balanced Polymorphism
A type of polymorphism where heterozygotes perform better than homozygotes.
Sickle Cell Trait
Results from a mutation in the beta chain of hemoglobin causing red blood cells to be sickle-shaped.
Hemoglobin
A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Survival Advantage of AS genotype
People with one sickle allele and one normal allele (AS) are healthier and less susceptible to malaria.
Thalassemia
A blood disorder that is helpful if you have one copy, but causes health issues with two copies.
G-6-PD Deficiency
Usually asymptomatic, but provides protection against malaria.
Mutation
A tiny change in DNA that leads to genetic variation.
Natural Selection
The process by which certain traits become more common in a population due to survival and reproductive advantages.
What is polymorphism?
When a gene exists in two or more versions (alleles) in a population, and each version appears in more than 1% of the population.
What causes polymorphisms to appear?
Mutations in DNA, which can sometimes offer a survival or reproductive advantage.
What is balanced polymorphism?
A situation where individuals with two different alleles (heterozygotes) are more fit than those with two of the same (homozygotes).
What percent of human genes are polymorphic?
Around 28%.
What protein is affected in sickle cell trait?
Hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red blood cells.Specifically, Hemoglobin A and Hemoglobin S.
What causes the sickle shape in red blood cells?
A point mutation in the beta chain of hemoglobin.
What are symptoms of sickle cell disease?
Anemia, poor growth, organ problems, pain, and a shorter lifespan.
What is the benefit of having one sickle cell allele (AS)?
Protection against malaria and generally no severe symptoms of sickle cell disease.
How does the AS genotype protect against malaria?
Infected red blood cells die quickly, which prevents malaria parasites from multiplying.
What are two other red blood cell polymorphisms that protect against malaria?
Thalassemia and G-6-PD deficiency.
What enzyme breaks down lactose?
Lactase.
What are common symptoms of lactose intolerance?
Gas, nausea, cramps, and diarrhea.
Which group has high lactose tolerance?
Northern Europeans (about 95%).
Why are some populations lactose tolerant?
They evolved the ability to digest milk due to a history of dairy farming.
What does “polytypic” mean in human variation?
Referring to a species that has multiple distinct forms or types, often influenced by environmental or genetic factors. Humans show different traits in different populations due to adaptation.
What are the four types of human adaptation?
Behavioral, short-term acclimatization, developmental acclimatization, and genetic adaptation.
What does melanin do?
Protects the skin from UV radiation.
What’s Bergmann’s Rule?
Bigger bodies help keep heat in cold climates and smaller bodies are favored in warmer climates, as they help dissipate heat more effectively.
What’s Allen’s Rule?
Shorter limbs help retain heat in cold environments. This biological principle suggests that animal body shapes and sizes are adapted to their environmental conditions, specifically concerning heat retention in colder climates.
What is hypoxia?
A condition of low oxygen, often experienced at high altitudes. It can lead to various physiological responses in organisms, including increased breathing rate and changes in blood composition.
How do people adapt to high altitudes short-term?
Hyperventilation, more red blood cells, better oxygen release.
What are long-term adaptations to high altitude?
Long-term adaptations include increased lung capacity, greater production of red blood cells, and enhanced efficiency in oxygen utilization across tissues.
What is systematics?
The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their relationships. It involves classification, naming, and understanding the evolutionary history of species.
What is taxonomy?
A classification system for organisms based on systematics.
What is the correct order of Linnaean hierarchy?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.This is the hierarchical classification system used in biology to organize and categorize living organisms.
What are the taxonomic names for humans from kingdom to species?
Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, sapiens.These are the levels of classification that identify humans scientifically.
What does binomial nomenclature consist of?
Genus and species names (e.g., Homo sapiens).
How should genus and species names be formatted?
Genus names should be capitalized and species names should be lowercase, both italicized (e.g., Homo sapiens).
How did Linnaeus define species?
Linnaeus defined species as a group of individuals that share common characteristics and can interbreed, producing fertile offspring.
What is the modern view of species?
Groups of interbreeding organisms that evolve over time.
Name two limitations of taxonomy in showing evolution.
Doesn’t express geological time or exact phylogenetic relationships.It can oversimplify evolutionary history and may not reflect genetic diversity.
What are Platyrrhini and Catarrhini?
Suborders of primates; Platyrrhini are New World monkeys, while Catarrhini includes Old World monkeys and apes.
how many hominoids do primates have ?
21
What is the scientific order that includes all primates?
The scientific order that includes all primates is Primates, characterized by traits such as forward-facing eyes and dexterous hands.
What suborder includes lemurs and lorises?
Strepsirrhini
What are the key features of Superfamily Lemuroidea?
Unique social systems and ecological niches in Madagascar
Which primates are known for a toxic bite and slow movements?
The Superfamily Lorisoidea, including lorises and pottos, are known for their toxic bite and slow movements.
What suborder includes monkeys, apes, and humans?
Haplorhini, which is characterized by a larger brain and greater reliance on vision over smell.
What primates belong to Infraorder Tarsiiformes?
The Infraorder Tarsiiformes includes tarsiers, which are small, nocturnal primates with large eyes and strong leaping abilities.
What parvorder includes New World monkeys?
Platyrrhini, characterized by flat noses and prehensile tails.
Which family includes squirrel monkeys and capuchins?
The family Cebidae, known for their social behavior and intelligence.
What are Atelidae monkeys known for?
The Atelidae family of monkeys, which includes howler monkeys and spider monkeys, is known for their strong prehensile tails and vocalizations.
What parvorder includes Old World monkeys, apes, and humans?
Catarrhini, characterized by narrow noses and non-prehensile tails.
Which superfamily includes apes and humans?
The superfamily Hominoidea, which is characterized by a lack of tails and advanced cognitive abilities.
What family includes gibbons and siamangs?
The Hylobatidae family, known for their brachiation and vocal abilities.
What subfamily do gorillas belong to?
The subfamily Homininae, which includes humans and their closest relatives.
Which primates are in the Panini tribe?
The Panini tribe includes chimpanzees and bonobos, known for their complex social behaviors and intelligence.
What is the only surviving species in the Homo genus?
Homo sapiens, commonly known as modern humans.
How many total primate species are there?
There are over 500 species of primates, including lemurs, monkeys, and apes. 367
Which primate group has the highest number of species?
The family Cercopithecidae, which includes Old World monkeys, has the highest number of primate species.
Why are monkeys considered the most evolutionarily successful primates?
Monkeys are considered the most evolutionarily successful primates due to their adaptability, diverse diets, and ability to thrive in various habitats around the world.
Name one characteristic trait of all primates
Primates possess flexible limbs and grasping hands.
What anatomical feature provides structural support for the primate eye?
The postorbital bar, a bony structure that surrounds the eye socket.
What evolutionary theory explains primates’ adaptation to tree life?
The Arboreal Hypothesis, which suggests that adaptations such as grasping hands and flexible limbs evolved to aid in life among the trees.
Which hypothesis suggests primates evolved to hunt insects?
The Insectivore Hypothesis, which posits that dietary needs led to the development of traits beneficial for hunting and foraging for insects.
What hypothesis emphasizes fruit eating in primate evolution?
The Fruitivore Hypothesis, which suggests that the consumption of fruits significantly shaped primate adaptations and traits over time.
Frugivorous.They primarily eat fruits, but also consume leaves and flowers.
Gibbon movement
Brachiation (fast swinging through trees). They are highly adapted for tree-dwelling locomotion.
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