Diversity flashcards

What are the two different views of the environment and ecosystems

• instrumental value

• Intrinsic value

What is instrumental value

Viewing ecosystems as sources of economic wealth. This can be direct or indirect.

What is intrinsic value

Value that is not monetary. Ecosystems and their components gave a value that cannot be measured in dollars

What is taxonomy

The science of naming and classifying organisms

What are the 8 recognized taxa in order

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

What are the 3 domains

• bacteria

• Archaea

• Eukarya

What are the 6 kingdoms

• eubacteria

• Archaebacteria

• Protista

• Plantae

• Fungi

• Animalia

What is phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a species/group of organisms

What does a node on a phylogenetic tree represent

It represents a common ancestor

I gat does a clade on a cladogram represent

A branch on a phylogenetic tree

What should all organisms in a clade have

Homologous structures that dont occur outside the clade

What are the 2 basic cell types

• prokaryotes

• Eukaryotes

What are all prokaryotes

Bacteria

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes

No nuclear membrane

Small amounts of DNA

single chromosome without protein

No membrane bound organelles

Asexual reproduction by binary fission

What are the characteristics of eukaryotes

Defined nuclear membrane

Large amounts of dna

Numerous chromosomes with associated proteins

Diverse number and type of membrane bound organelles

Reproduction by mitosis and meiosis

What are archaebacteria thought to be

The closest living relatives of first cells

Where do archaebacteria live

Can live in very harsh environments

Eg. high acidity, salinity, temperature

Where do kingdom eubacteria live

They exist everywhere

How does kingdom eubacteria make food

They can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

What do eubacteria cell walls contain

They contain peptidoglycan

What is gram positive

Eubacteria with thick cell walls that stain purple

What is gram negative

Thin eubacteria cell walls that stain pink

What is gram positive and negative used for

They are used for classification

How is eubacteria classified

classified by ability of the cell walls to take up stain and cell shape

What is the singular and plural name for spherical bacteria

Singular: coccus

Plural: cocci

What do you call coccus that exists alone, in pairs, in chains, and in clumps

Monococcus, Diplococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus

What is the singular and plural name for rod shaped bacteria. How do they exist?

Singular: bacillus

Plural: bacilli

exists singly or in clumps

What are the different variations of rod shaped bacteria

• spirilla (spiral shaped)

• Spirochaetes (tightly coiled)

• Vibrio (comma shaped)

• Filamentous (long filaments)

What is bacteria studied on

Bacteria is studied on media called agar

What are conditions that inhibit bacterial growth

• temperature

• Moisture

• Radiation

• Chemicals

How does temperature inhibit bacterial growth

Boiling, refrigerating, freezing, pasteurization.

Most bacteria live best at 26-38 degrees celcius

How does moisture inhibit bacterial growth

Bacteria must have moist or wer environments to grow

Dehydrated food prevents bacteria growth

how does mummification work to prevent bacteria

All internal organs and brain are taken out because it contains water

Natron, a naturally occuring salt is stuffed in the body to remove moisture

How does radiation inhibit bacterial growth

Electromagnetic radiation (x-rays, UV light, and gamma rays) to disrupt the bacterias DNA making by them unable to reproduce

How does chemicals inhibit bacterial growth

Extreme PHs and salts kill bacteria or cause them to go dormant

why do bog people exist

Highly acidic peet bogs w/ tanic acid preserves organic material. The people tgat were thrown in there were completely preserved

How do bacteria reproduce

They reproduce sexually and can exchange genetic info through conjugation. Bacteria reproduce at exponential rates

what is bacterial conjugation how is it performed

An asexual process where bacterial dna is transferred to a second cell

DNA loop called a plasmid is transferred. Plasmid is donated to another cell via tube called a pilus

What type of kingdom is kingdom protista

A kingdom of convenience

What does a kingdom of convenience mean?

It means the organisms in it may or may not be related

Some might share commonalities

What are the three main groups of protists

• plant like protists

• Animal like protists

• Fungi like protists

What do plant- like protists contain? Are they uni or multicellular? Where are they found?

They contain chlorophyll. Multicellular but without tissues. They are found in aquatic or damp environments

what does the four divisions of plant like protists

Division chlorophyta

Division phaeophyta

Division rhodophyta

Division chrysophyta

What is division chlorophyta?

The green algae

What are unicellular green algae called?

Phytoplankton

What type of producers are green algae? Where do they live

Primary producers in aquatic environments

How much of the global oxygen does green algae supply

67%

What is division phaeophyta

Brown algaes (sea weeds)

What is derived from brown algae

Most crude oil. Which is later turned into gasoline

What is division rhodophyta

Red algae (sea weeds)

What is division rhodophyta used for?

Source of agar in drug capsules, gels, cosmetics, ice creams, toothpaste

What is division chrysophyta

Golden algae and diatoms

What do diatoms produce

Silica shells

Diatom sediments called diatomaceous earth is used as what?

An abrasive and insecticides

Are animal like protists unicellular? Where are they found? How do they make food?

All unicellular heterotrophs found i. Aquatic or moist environments

Wgat are the three main phyla in animal like protists and how are they classified?

Classified by locomotion or parasitism

• phylum sarcomastigophora

• Phylum ciliophora

• Phylum apicomplexa

What are the two subphylums in phylum sarcomastigophora

Subphylum sarcodina (The amoebas)

Subphylum mastigophora (the flagellated protozoans)

How does subphylum sarcodina move

They move through amoeboid movement

White bloodcells move and attack this way

How does subphylum mastigophora move

They mive using their flagellum (a whip like tail)

How human sperm moves

How does phylum ciliophora move

They move using tiny hairs called cilia. Looks like peach fuzz. Our respiratory tract have cilia to remove dust

What is phylum apicomplexa

Parasitic protozoans

What is a protozoan

single celled eukaryotic organisms

what is malaria?

A parasitic protozoan in the phylum apicomplexa that affects mostly poor developing nations and kills approximately 80 000 people per year. Spread by mosquitoes

What did plants evolve from

Green algae. They share common characteristics

When did plants invade land

430 mya

What are the bryophytes

Liverworts mosses and hornworts

Where are bryophytes found

In moist environments. They are at risk of drying out because they cannot distribute water

Are bryophytes vascular or nonvascular?

Nonvascular

What does it mean if a plant is vascular

It has a xylem and a phloem

What does the xylem do

Distributes/ transports water from roots to leaves

What does the phloem do

Leaves create sugar/ sap thru photosynthesis and phloem transports it down to the roots to feed them

What is division hepatophyta

The liverworts. Simplest plants, small and inconspicuous. No stomata, cuticle

How does division hepatophyta reproduce

Sexually by spores. Asexually by fragmentation (you can take plant cuttings and plant them to make clones)

What is division bryophyta

The mosses

What are the three classes in division bryophyta

Class bryidae (true mosses)

Class sphagnidae (peat mosses)

Class andraeidae (granite mosses)

What do peat mosses (class sphagnidae) form?

Peat bogs. They cover 1% of the earths labd and are highly acidic with a ph of 4% or less. Formed by the compression of dead moss

How is peat used

As wound dressings (peat is sterile)

Horticulture (gardening)

Industrial fuel and domestic heating

Seedless vascular plants characteristics

Can distribute water and nutrients

No flowers or seeds

Plants can grow larger

What divisions are seedless vascular plants

Division spenophyta

Division pterophyta

What is division spenophyta

The horsetails.

Division spenophyta charaxteristics:

Jointed stems, rough texture from ribs strengthened by the silica it produces. Only one genus survives (equisetum)

What is division pterophyta

The ferns

Division pterophyta anatomy

Fiddleheads, fronds, rhizomes (underground stems)

Most diverse group

Why are seeded vascular plants so successful

Seeds are responsible for this because seeds have survival value and protects+ feeds embryo. Advantage over spores

What are the two types of seeded vascular plants

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

What are gymnosperms

Naked seeds without flower or fruit

What are angiosperms

Seeds covered in flower and/ or fruit

How do gymnosperms pollinate

Male gametophyte(pollen grain) is transferred to the female gametophyte

What are the 4 divisions of gymnosperms

Division coniferophyta

Division cycadophyta

Division ginkophyta

Division gnetophyta

What is division coniferophyta

Has cones. Includes pines, spruces, junipers, cedars

Division coniferophyta characteristics

Thin needle like leaves with thick waxy cuticle. Well developed roots

What is division cycadophyta

the cycads (palm like tropical and subtropical plants)

Cycads are dioecious wgat does this mean

It means that there are male and female trees and need eachtoher to reproduce

What is division ginkophyta

the ginkos (one survivor) the Ginko biloba

Division ginkophyta characteristics

Slow growing trees with fan shaped leaves

Grown in chinese and japanese temples, none left in the wild

What does division gnetophyta consist of

The gnetum genus (tropical trees), ephedra(dry climate shrubs), and welwitchia (one species of 2 leaved desert plant)

What do angiosperms produce

They produce flowers/ fruit

Flowers are just modified leaves to attract pollinators. Pollinators are attracted by colours. They reproduce sexually and asexually

What is the division of angiosperm

Anthophyta

What are the two classes of anthophyta

Monocots (one seed leaf)

Dicots (two seed leafs)

Their evolution is closely tied with insects and pollinators

What is plant secondary metabolites

Plants produce conpounds that make them poisonous or taste bad to protect themselves from being eaten