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What are the possible outcomes when hybrid zones occur between previously isolated populations?

Reinforcement, Fusion, Stability.

What does a phylogenetic tree represent?

Evolutionary relationships among species.

What is a monophyletic group?

A group that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.

Name an example of a paraphyletic group.

Reptiles excluding birds.

What is homology in biological terms?

Traits inherited from a common ancestor.

What is the Cenozoic Era known for?

The Age of Mammals.

What major event occurred around 252 million years ago?

The Permian Extinction.

What is adaptive radiation?

Rapid evolution of a single species into many forms after mass extinctions or new environment colonization.

What are the four major steps in the origin of life?

Abiotic synthesis, formation of polymers, protocells, self-replicating molecules.

What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

What role do bacteria play as decomposers?

They break down dead organisms.

What differentiates Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria?

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and stain purple; Gram-negative have a thin peptidoglycan wall with an outer membrane and stain pink.

What is binary fission?

Asexual reproduction where one cell divides into two.

What does the term 'polyphyletic' refer to?

A group that includes species from different lineages without their common ancestor.

What impact does continental drift have on evolution?

It changes habitats, climate, and species distribution, leading to evolution, speciation, and extinction.

What was the approximate emergence time of eukaryotes?

~1.8 billion years ago.