ANS 105 Final exam NCSU

The most populous companion animal in homes?

Fish

population estimates of pet cats (how many are there)

94 million cats

population estimate of pet dogs

90 million

population estimate of pet fish

192+ million fish

Annually, over ------- is spent on toys and treats

2 billion

how much money is spent on vet care annually?

39.8 billion

T or F: over 1/2 of american homes have pets

true

T or F: over 50% of owners greet their pet before their family

True

Over --% of owners talk to their pet as if it was human

65%

Who is the dog's closest ancestor

Canis lupus (grey wolf)

How many subspecies of the grey wolf is there?

31 different species (previously 39 , 8 are now extinct)

Subspecies versus breed

Subspecies: Arise from natural selection, differ morphologically from original, often differ geographically

Breed: Based on artificial selection by humans, all from a common species, usully not isolated geographically

Examples of subspecies of the domestic dog

Dingo, New-Guinea singing dog

How many total chromosome pairs do dogs and grey wolves have?

39 pairs

Can the domestic dog and the grey wolf freely interbeed?

Yes, they both have the same number of chromosome pairs

The domestic dog and grey wolf differ by how much mtCDNA?

0.2 mtCDNA

Scientific name for the grey wolf

Canis lupus

domestic dog's scientific name

Canis lupus familiaris

The grey wolf and coyote differ by how much mtCDNA?

4%

T or F: The social nature of the wolf and domestic dog is very similar

True

T or F: dogs are usually less aggressive and fight less towards eachother in comparison to wolves

True

Do dogs normally have the full array of predatory behavior that is seen in wolves?

No

Is facial expressions, vocalization, and body posture (during dominance/fear) similar in dogs and wolves?

yes

Domestication versus taming

Domestication - breeding and containment of a species under human control, and involves animal structure/genetic structure. it takes thousands of years - TEN GEN RULE

Taming- hasn't been in captivity for long but used to humans- it's offspring will not exhibit the same traits (Whatever changes humans do are not inheritable)

What is the primary theory of domestication?

Neotony

What is neoteny?

Persistent infantile characteristics

Physical examples of neoteny include

Decreased overall size, decreased jaw size and strength, decreased size/number of teeth, prominent foreheads, shorter limbs, diminished secondary sexual characteristics in males

Behavioral examples of neoteny

Dog being highly curious, common easily subordinate nature of dogs to humans

How long have man and dogs lived together in a symbiotic relationship?

around 100,000 years

Some pet dog remains have been dated back how many years from Idaho?

11,000 years ago

What was the dog's early role with humans?

To help man by hunting together

How are the wolf and dog female's estrus cycles different?

Wolf females have 1 estrus cycle, while dog females have 2

How does the fertility of wolf males and dog males differ

Wolf males are fertile seasonally, while dog males are fertile all year

Do dogs and wolves reach sexual maturity or social maturity LATER in life?

Social maturity

Do dog pups or wolf pups develop physically sooner

Wolf pups

Is dominance settled easier in dogs or wolves?

wolves

Are most dogs more or less dominant by nature compared to wolves

less

What is selective breeding

Selective pressures - traits are generated by humans (not naturally occuring)

Selective breeding began ---- years ago, but the extremes we see today did not start until the last ---- years

5,000,

200

Largest dog show in England

The crufts

T or F: There is over 1,000 dog breeds recorded over history

True

How many current dog breeds are there globally?

370-400

How many AKC groups are there?

7 and a miscellaneous class

What is ear cropping and the original purpose?

ear cropping is when part or all of an animal's outer ear are cut/removed. The original purpose was to prevent injuries in working/hunting dogs

What was the original purpose of tail docking?

people used to believe that docking the tail would prevent rabies.

The dog was thought to be completely domesticated how long ago?

Approx. 12-15,000 years ago

(first found fossil evidence)

AKC dog group that has specialized hunters that locate game and often collect it. Typically includes all spaniels, pointers, setters, and retrievers

Sporting group

What are the 3 subgroupings of the sporting group?

1. Forerunners: Typically pointers + setters that find game and silently point to it

2. Flushing dogs: Pointers, setters, or spaniels that move game/ flush it to their human

3. Retrievers: large and strong, have good eyesight and fetch game and return it to their human

Dog named after a french province as it originated in France, natural pointers and retrievers, have friendly temperaments and get along well with other dogs. Tail is naturally short or docked for competition. Hips should be tested.

Brittany dog (sporting group)

Medium sized dog with a short water resistant coat and an otter tail, allowing it to function as a retrieving gun dog. Originated in Newfoundland, prime breed for guide and rescue, great family pet

Labrador retrievers (sporting group)

What dog breed was #1 most popular breed in the AKC for 31 years?

Labrador retrievers (sporting group)

Breed developed for bird hunting but overall popular, typically shown with a floor length coat, likely developed in Spain, Smallest sporting group breed

Cocker Spaniel (Sporting group)

Rectangular dog breed, legs are much shorter due to grooming and breeding. Quiet breed, very gentle. Known for scentwork and bird hunting. Sturdy frame, do NOT treat with sulfa-class drugs

Clumber spaniel (sporting group)

What dog breed should not be treated with sulfa class drugs

Clumber spaniel

AKC Group that may be the oldest purebred dogs

Hound group

What two things (or combination) can the hound group be used for

Sight, scent, or combination

Breed bred in Germany for following badgers, hard to house train due to stubborn nature, have a standard and minuature size, can be smooth, long or wire haired, have back problems

Dachshund (hound group)

North Carolina's state dog. Named after a German family, breed developed in the NC Smoky mountains, aggressive hunter with a musical voice known as "plott music"

Plott hound (hound group)

One of the oldest breeds in the world, Royal dog of Egypt dating back to 7000BC. Older than the pyramids. Used to track and bring down gazelle.

Saluki

Have low stores of body fat and may be more susceptible to anesthesia, and are deep chested so they're more likely to experience bloat. Pablo picasso made a sculpture of his

Afghan hound (hound group)

Newest AKC classification group? - members were formally part of what group?

Herding group- members formerly from the working group.

Used for police work due to speed and training ability, possesses a strong desire to work, has few health issues. Not historically a popular breed in the US

Belgian Malinois (Herding group)

Classic farm dog, tireless energy/needs lots of exercise, strong predatory instinct. Very intelligent. Due best with mature families with well behaved children. Not averse to taking a nip at those who don't get his point. In show, honorable scars and broken teeth from duty is acceptable

Border collie (Herding group)

This breed can be in show with honorable scars and broken teeth incurred from the line of duty.

Border collie (Herding group)

Born white but coat changes to red or blue. Very energetic, noted to outsmart their owners. Many eye issues like PRA and PLL, HD and ED are common issues. Bluey.

Australian Cattle dog (herding group)

Affectionate with family, not great with kids. Needs mental stimulation. White is the only acceptable marking color. The most popular herding breed. Bred to move cattle but used with sheep. Traditionally tailless

Pembroke Welsh Corgi (Herding group)

AKC Dog group that are fiesty, lively dogs whose sizes range. Terriers, have wiry coats, have a low tolerance for other dogs, cats, vermin

Terrier group

The "nanny dog," can be aggressive to other dogs so a dominant owner is needed. Recognized by AKC in 1935, got it's name in 1972

American Staffordshire terrier (Terrier group)

Amercian Staffordshire vs Pit bull

The american pit bull is not recognized by the AKC unlike the AST.

Named after Reverend John Russell, was developed in England in bred to hunt red fox. Can fit into tight spaces due to its collapsible rib cage

Parson Russell Terrier (Terrier group)

Not good with other dogs in the house, egg shaped head, visible muscle and sturdy frame. More likely to have luxating patellas. Popular due to bull baiting.

Bull terrier (Terrier group)

Can only be shown in a mustard or pepper color with no markings. Bred to be an exterminator of smaller vermin. more protective than assumed. Good at displacing otters and badgers, one of the few breeds to be traced back to 1 dog

Only AKC breed named after a fictional character

Dandie Dinmont Terrier (Terrier group)

How much is spent on pet food annually?

151 billion overall (67 on food, 40 on vet in 2024)

What is the AKC policy?

tails and ears do not have to be docked to be shown but it may impact the chances of winning

are all minuature breeds in the toy group of dogs?

no

AKC group that are small and were kept by royalty to guard treasures, vermin hunters

Toy group

Breed once used in religious ceremonies and were pets to the rich, reportedly the smallest breed, derives it's name from a mexican state that shares it's name, prefers companions of its own breed and has patella issues and tracheal collapse

chihuahua (toy group)

Breed with two different types: powderpuff and hairless. During plagues, hairless dogs were stowed on ships to hunt vermin. Gain weight easily and hairless ones are susceptible to sunburn.

chinese crested (toy group)

Only dog breed native to Cuba. Breed that has a long double silky coat that sheds little and can be corded. Affectionate and good with young kids and dogs, almost always has a curled over tail. Became popular in America after cuban exodus under castro.

Havanese (toy group)

Breed that sheds a remarkable amount, black and fawn are only acceptable colors, very prone to heat stress, likely to have issues with the brachycephalic head. Poor thermoregulators, derm. issues with wrinkes and smooth nose, encephalitis

Pug (toy breed)

"catch all" AKC group that are diverse

Non- sporting group

Breed notorious for having an underbite and drooling due to brachycephalic head, originally used in bull baiting and for ferocity, health problems are numerous, therefore this breed has controversy. Breeders are trying to bring back some of the older, healthier generations

Bulldog (non-sporting group)

Sturdy artic type breed, ancient from northern china. Has a catlike personality- more independent and need early socialization. Used for hunting bear and wolves, herding, etc. have a blue black tounge and stilted gait. Coat can be rough or smooth

Chow chow (nonsporting group)

What two dog breeds have a blue/black tounge

Chow chow and chinese shar-peis

Dog breed that is a profuse shedder, originated as the first coach dog but now more associated with firefighters, high uric acid is the main concern, more prone to kidney stones

Dalmation (nonsporting group)

Showing sizes of this breed are toy, minuature, and standard. Has a long curly coat that sheds little but needs lots of grooming. Can be shown in any color, show cut is cold the continental clip. National dog of france- known as the duck dog. Somewhat considered hypoallergenic.

Poodle (nonsporting group)

AKC group bred to guard property, pull sleds, and perform water rescues. Very strong, large, energetic dogs

Working group

3 Subgroups of the working group

Guard dogs (Mastiff, Schnauzer, Akita) , Sled dogs (Husky, Samoyed, Alaskan Malamute), Rescue dogs (Newfoundland, Saint Bernard)

Breed named after a town in germany. Hunted boar, worked with police, guard and drove cattle. Powerful dog with instinct to protect family and home, will try to lay in your lap. Needs an experienced owner.

Rottweiler (working group)

Breed originated in Germany, titled "the giant", originally used as a cattle driving dog but now is used for police work- first started this prior to ww1 in Germany. Very protective, need daily exercise.

Giant Schnauzer (working group)

Breed that has virtually no shedding, but has a long corded coat that needs intense grooming. White is the only show color. Originated in Hungary as flock protector/herding dog. Good at getting rid of flock predators- coat serves as a protectant. Bred to function in colder climates, subject to heat stress in warmer areas.

Komondor (working group)

Breed that is affectionate and friendly, Used to herd reindeer, common "backpack" dog, bred for the cold and may have heat stress if not kept under close watch. Solitary confinement is the WORST option for them. Have upturned corners of mouth to prevent drooling.

Samoyed (working group)

T or F: Cats have been domesticated for less time than any other truly domesticated animal

True

By nature, are cats social or non-social animals?

non-social animals

How long ago was the cat fully domesticated?

3,000 years ago

3 cat behavior concerns and explain them

1. Spraying - territory marking

2. Improper elimination- peeing in the wrong spot

2. scratching- to mark territory

Cat scientific name

Felis catus

What were our cats today domesticated/derived from

African and Asian wild cats

Glands in a male cat

Bladder, anal sac, caudal gland, supra caudal gland, cheek and temporal gland, interdigital gland, perioral, pinna, submandibular gland

which of the following could be a gland in a male cat?

Anal sac, bladder, cranial gland, interdigital glad

all besides cranial gland