Applications of Immunology

Flashcards covering key concepts from the Applications of Immunology lecture notes.

Vaccines are used to immunize people against __.

disease

Live attenuated vaccines involve a pathogen that is __ by chemical treatments or by culturing in unsuitable environments.

weakened

Inactive vaccines are made from pathogens that have been __ by heat or chemicals.

killed

Toxoids are inactivated toxins given to immunize against __.

toxins

Acellular vaccines use only a __ of the pathogen to promote immune response.

fragment

Subunit vaccines are produced by __ DNA technology.

recombinant

Diagnostic applications involve assaying serum from patients for __ or antigens.

antibodies

The binding of antibody to antigen is the basis of most __ tests.

immunodiagnostics

In hemagglutination tests, viruses agglutinate RBCs if antibodies against the virus are __ in the serum.

absent

Visible precipitation in precipitation tests indicates a __ reaction.

positive

Complement fixation is a classic test used to diagnose various __.

diseases

ELISA is used to detect __ in patients' samples.

antibodies or antigens

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusion of sensitized mouse B-cells with __ cells in vitro.

myeloma

The __ test is used to identify antigens in patient samples.

Western Blot

Hybridomas are formed by mixing and __ mouse B-cells with myeloma cells.

fusing

The indirect fluorescent antibody test involves flooding cells with patient's __.

serum

Antibody-Antigen immunological tests are categorized by methods such as __ and agglutination.

immunodiffusion

Individually tested hybridomas can produce specific antibodies __ in culture.

indefinitely

The presence of colored products in ELISA tests indicates a __ color change.

visible

In immunodiagnostic tests, the presence of __ indicates a potential infection or immune response.

specific antigens

Detection of antibodies using enzyme-linked antibodies occurs during __ ELISA.

indirect