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US History
13 Colonies
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101 Terms
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1
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What are the dendrites?
They are "branches" that extend from the cell body that receive chemical messages via NT's
2
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What is the nucleus?
The nucleus is the center of the cell, and it contains genetic info
3
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What is the axon hillock?
Stores information from the cell body and decides threshold and all-or-nothing potential
4
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What is the myelin sheath?
It's a layer of fat that insulates and surrounds the axon. Also increases the speed of action potential
5
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What are the nodes of Ranvier?
Spaced gaps in the myelin sheath the allow ion exchange that help action potential "jump" across gaps
6
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What is the axon?
An extension from the cell body that sends electrical messages/action potential from the cell body to the neuron
7
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What is the axon terminal?
The end of an axon that leads to terminal bodies which contain NT's in vesicles that are released into the synapse
8
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Where exactly are "interneurons" located?
The central nervous system
9
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Why does the resting potential of a neuron exist?
Polarization
10
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What is the resting pause that follows an action potential?
Refactory period
11
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Is Glutamate an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Excitatory.
12
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Is Epinephrine an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Excitatory..
13
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Is Dopamine an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Both
14
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Is Acetylcholine an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Excitatory...
15
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Is Norepinephrine an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Excitatory....
16
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Is GABA an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Inhibitory.
17
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Is Serotonin an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Inhibitory..
18
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Are Endorphins an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Inhibitory...
19
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Which NT is involved in muscle contractions? It's found in ALL motor neurons.
Acetylcholine
20
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Which NT is the same as the adrenaline hormone and boosts arousal/alertness?
Epinephrine
21
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Which NT is a major part of the body's reward center and boosts mood?
Dopamine
22
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Which NT is the "feel good" hormone and boosts mood?
Serotonin
23
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Which NT is in the digestive track and gives you feelings of satisfaction after eating?
Serotonin
24
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Which NT is the most excitatory in the system?
Glutamate
25
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Which NT is the most inhibitory in the system?
GABA
26
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Which NT blocks pain from getting through receptors and is similar to many opioids like heroin and morphine?
Endorphins
27
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Which NT helps you relax/fall asleep and lessens anxiety?
GABA
28
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Which NT's reuptake is inhibited by SSRI's (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) like Prozac and Zoloft?
Serotonin
29
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Do antagonists block or mimic NT's?
Block
30
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Do agonists block or mimic NT's?
Mimic
31
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Where is the frontal lobe located?
On the front of the brain
32
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Where is the parietal lobe located?
In the middle of the brain
33
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Where is the occipital lobe located?
The back of the brain
34
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Where is the temporal lobe located?
The front/middle bottom of the brain
35
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Where is the cerebellum located?
The back bottom of the brain
36
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Where is the brain stem located?
The bottom of the brain connecting it to the spinal cord
37
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What does the frontal lobe control?
Behaviors like planning and initiating movement, social and emotional processing, and attention. Also retrieving and storing memories
38
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What does the temporal lobe control?
Recognizing and understanding words and language. Visual memories
39
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What does the occipital lobe control?
Visual perception and visual short-term memory
40
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What does the parietal lobe control?
Sensing touch, spatial processing, language, memory, and attention.
41
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What does the brain stem control?
Auto functions like breathing, heart rate, body temp, and sleep cycles.
42
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What does the limbic system control?
Emotions, learning, and memory
43
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What are the three parts of the frontal lobe?
Prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, and Broca's area
44
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What are the two parts of the temporal lobe?
Primary auditory cortex and Wenicke's area
45
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What is the one part of the occipital lobe?
Primary visual cortex
46
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What is the one part of the parietal lobe?
Somatosensory cortex
47
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What are the three parts of the brain stem?
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
48
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What are the three parts of the limbic system?
Amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus
49
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What part of the brain includes the hypothalamus; controls thirst, hunger, etc?
Limbic system
50
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What part of the brain is the connecting link between the hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus callosum
51
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What part of the brain is the relay station directly above the hypothalamus?
Thalamus
52
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What part of the brain regulates the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
53
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What part of the brain is the middle part of the hindbrain that controls reflexes?
Medulla
54
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What part of the brain is part of the hindbrain and is the second largest part of the brain?
Cerebellum
55
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What part of the brain is the largest part of the brain?
Cerebrum
56
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If you are shot in the head and your breathing and heartbeat stop immediately, what part was affected?
Medulla
57
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If a child's growth is stunted because a part of his brain isn't releasing enough growth hormones, what area is controlling that?
Pituitary gland
58
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If you see someone scary, what system of nerves would arouse your body into action?
Limbic
59
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When someone is intoxicated and has problems with motor coordination and balance, what part of the brain controls that?
Cerebellum
60
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If an old man has a stroke that damages a portion of his cortex, causing weakness and partial paralysis in his right leg, what area was affected?
Left motor (frontal lobe)
61
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A man contracts a brain infection which causes him to not be able to store new long-term memories. Which part of the brain was damaged?
Hippocampus
62
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A woman's car was t-boned and she damaged her temporal lobe. What abilities will be affected?
Memories and/or language comprehension
63
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What NT seems most closely related to the pleasure cocaine produces and it's addictive qualities?
Dopamine
64
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Grandpa Albert has developed Alzheimer's, what NT is he lacking?
Acetylcholine
65
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What part of the nervous system slows heart rate and breathing down to normal?
Parasympathetic
66
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A woman starts losing all of her senses. What single part of the brain is involved in all of these sensory processes?
Thalamus
67
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What aspect of behavior is likely to be impaired if a man is struck by lightning in the back of his head (occipital lobe)?
Visual signals
68
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What part of the brain that is related to sleep could be affected by a head-and-neck injury?
Pons
69
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Disturbance of what specific part of the brain can result in an inability of the brain to regulate normal alertness?
Brain stem
70
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What part of the brain regulates extreme fear and anger?
Amygdala
71
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If someone has trouble understanding what people are saying to them and they can speak but not be understood, what part of the brain has been damaged?
Wernicke's area
72
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What does acetylcholine control?
Learning, muscle action, and memory
73
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What does a lack of acetylcholine cause?
Alzheimer's
74
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What does a surplus of acetylcholine cause?
Cramps, muscle weakness, paralysis
75
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What does dopamine control?
Pleasure, movement, learning, attention, and emotion
76
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What does a lack of dopamine cause?
Parkinson's
77
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What does a surplus of dopamine cause?
Schizophrenia
78
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What does serotonin control?
Mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
79
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What does a lack of serotonin cause?
Severe depression, food cravings, and aggressive behavior
80
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What does a surplus of serotonin cause?
Mild shivering, severe fever, seizures
81
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What does norephinephrine control?
Concentration, alertness, and arousal
82
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What does a lack of norepinephrine cause?
ADHD
83
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What does a surplus of norepinephrine cause?
Anxiety, high blood pressure, and organ stress
84
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What does GABA control?
Calming (anxiety, stress, and fear)
85
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What does a lack of GABA cause?
Dementia and epilepsy
86
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What does a surplus of GABA cause?
Not enough brain activity, hypersomnia, daytime sleepiness
87
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What do Endorphins control?
Euphoria, feelings of arousal
88
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What does a lack of endorphins cause?
Aches, pain, depression, and mood swings
89
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What does a surplus of endorphins cause?
Euphoria and increased appetite
90
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What does Glutamate control?
Memory, cognition, and mood regulation
91
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What does a lack of glutamate cause?
Insomnia, concentration problems, mental exhaustion
92
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What does a surplus of glutamate cause?
Brain damage during potential strokes
93
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What are the two nervous systems?
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
94
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What are the two parts of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Autonomic and Somatic
95
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What are the two parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
96
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Does the Sympathetic Nervous System arouse or calm?
Arouse
97
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Does the Parasympathetic Nervous System arouse or calm?
Calm
98
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What does the Somatic Nervous System do?
Enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles
99
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What is the Autonomic Nervous System?
Dual self-regulating system that influences our glands and muscles of our internal organs
100
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I say Neurotransmitters, you say??
Hormones!
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