APUSH Unit 2 Vocab British North America

Mercantilism

Mercantilism

economic idea that there is a finite amount of wealth and that there should be more exports than imports to gain wealth

Join Stock Company

Encouraged commercial expansion and financial gains. Activity needed to be approved by the monarch, who granted them a charter to establish rules for a colony

Charter

License given by the monarch that outlined terms of venture and enforced English customs for oversees colonies.

Starving time

Settlers in Jamestown bay under the Virginia company spent more time looking for nonexistent gold rather than learning how to survive, so many died as a result.

Roanoke

Colony established by Sir Walter Raleigh in Virginia, failed twice after a supply chain shipment never arrived because war broke out between England and Spain.

Virginia - Jamestown

Saved by John Smith, a former soldier,. First permanent settlement in America, directed under the Virginia company of England.

John Smith

Colonist of Jamestown, former soldier, and provided necessary leadership to the colony and kept Jamestown alive. Virginia company then made him a member of resident council to manage the colony in America. Also wrote about Pocahontas, (potentially a fake story)

John Rolfe - Tobacco

He realized that tobaccos could be safely sold to England for large profits, which provided a lot of income and helped Jamestown have a stable economy.

Jamestown Women

Women were s hipped to Jamestown for profit to encourage settlers to stay in Jamestown. Often treated similarly to slaves.

Headright System

Land given to people who were wealthy enough to travel to British North America on their own, this was to incentivize people to move to the colonies. 50 acres per passenger.

Tidewater

the preferred land along the coastal plain in front of the fall line, that was taken by the wealthy who benefited from the Headright system. Created a social class divide.

Piedmont

Land behind the fall line that was less than ideal for living, given to the development of a frontier, individualistic society.

Staple crop - Tobacco, rice, cotton, indigo

crops that were easy to grow for low prices so could be consistently sold for a stable income for the colonies. Mainly sold to England.

Crop rotation

Keep a field for farming unused by a certain crop for a while to allow nutrients to build back up to effectively grow the crop later. Allowed a constant supply of staple crops for longer and kept the land in better condition.

Indentured servants

agreement to work for a certain number of years in exchange for land, money, freedom. Power a large portion of the tobacco workforce for a while in Jamestown. Often treated similar or worse than slaves, due to short life span slaves were more profitable and indentured servants fell out of favor. Many servants who survived were often given unusable land and traded their years in for money, making it less appealing.

African slaves

slaves shipped from Africa to be used for slave labor for forming cash crops for the colonies. Formed a minority in the workforce for rich, white plantation owners.

Sir John Colleton

close follower of Charles II, Plantation owner on Barbados, the most profitable of England’s Caribbean islands, proposed to advance settlement in the region.

Anthony Ashley Cooper

Colleton’s land enterprise attracted the attention of copper, he was also a patron of John Locke, English politician and formed the Whig party.

Charter of Carolina

Land issued to eight people in 1633 between Virginia and northern Florida from sea to sea. The organizers merely indented to profit from the existence of land, not to control it.

Albemarle Sound, Cape Fear, Port Royal

first 3 settlements in the charter of Carolina (north to south respectively)

Oyster point - Charleston, SC

A new site north of port Royal, safer and more stable than any of the other settlements. Opened up as a commercial hub and became a settlement.

James Oglethorpe - Georgia

wanted to establish a colony in Georgia where people who wanted to rebuild their lives following debtors and prisoners. Created city of Savannah, one of t he best planned communities in Colonial America.

Savannah, GA

Established by Oglethorpe, one of the best planned cities in colonial America. He gives up Savannah to the stalk holders to turn it back to the crown.

Protestant reformation

Martin Luther’s protest against the Roman Catholic Church, especially from the sale of indulgences, which attacked Christianity as a whole.

Church of England - Anglicans

Led by the king of England, independent of the Catholic church, shifted towards Catholicism however. Puritans wanted to reform the church, yet the Puritans separated.

Predestination (Calvinism)

Idea by John Calvin (to break from the Catholicism but different view than Luther) where everyone was condemned to hell with only a few preselected people to not, called the elect or godly .

Pilgrims - Separatists

Believed that the church of England could not be reformed and separated and fled to North America and settled in Plymouth.

Mayflower Compact

many of the riders were separatist Puritans who used the mayflower to head to America to Plymouth bay. Went to the Dutch originally but then left out of fear of assimilating into Dutch culture, they ventured to the Americas. They signed a mayflower compact which gave the people a governing body under English rule.

William Bradford - Of Plymouth Plantation

Pilgrim aboard the Mayflower who signed the mayflower compact and helped shape the political landscape of Plymouth.

Puritans

Anglicans who wanted to purify Anglican forms of worship, targeted by Charles I who wanted to restore the Roman Catholic church. They became the colony of Connecticut in 1639

Congregational Church

made after the community church wanted to stand alone, separate from the Anglican hierarchy, so the congressional church was born.

Massachusetts Bay Colony - Boston, Charlestown…

Roger Williams established a permanent colony of Rhode Island and Connecticut. Connecticut was for Puritan culture, Rhode Island was against it.

City Upon a Hill

City made by the Puritans for the corrupt world to see and emulate. The Puritans honored material success as evidence of god’s favor.

Great Puritan Migration

John Winthrop led an expedition that sailed for New England in 1630, later many more people also migrated beginning the great Puritan migration.

John Winthrop

led an expedition that sailed for New England in 1630, later many more people also migrated beginning the great Puritan migration.

Roger Williams, Rhode Island

Minister in Salem, attacked the independence of non-separatist Puritans who had established a colony and insisted that religion be separate from government. The mass leaders banished him from the colony, but led the way for religious toleration in Rhode Island.

Justification vs Sanctification

Justification - gift of divine grace, by which a sinful person becomes one of god’s elect, a one time act.

Sanctification - moral conduct and good behavior was a surface layer of religion built up to gods preference.

Anne Hutchinson

Challenged Puritan leaders in the Bay colony, Justification was a essential part of her ideas f religion, she was excommunicated by the church and banished from the bay colony

Metacom (King Philip)

High tensions in Plymouth county from Anglo-Indian war. He led the Wampanoag sachem, which had been engulfed by the English.

King Philip’s war (first Indian war)

Metacom’s final attempt to prevent English settlement in native lands in Southern new England from 1675-76

William Penn

Founder of the province of Pennsylvania. English religious and social reformer. Hew as also a Quaker who fled persecution in England.

Philadelphia, PA

Founded by William Penn, prominent trading community that took part in the South Atlantic Trading system and had huge imports making it very diplomatic

Quakers

movement started b George Fox, to unite the lower classes during civil-war-time-England. Idea that everyone could communicate directly with God, which Christians feared and persecuted.

New Netherland

Established by the Dutch west India company in 1620 for quick fur trade profits.

Royal Colony vs Proprietary Colony

Royal Colony - ruled directly by the monarch and follow English law. Many colonies were eventually converted to Royal colonies.
Ex: Virginia, North Carolina, New Jersey, etc…

Proprietary Colony - When the British monarch granted an individual or group of people governing power over a colony. Ex: Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland

Nathaniel Bacon - Bacon’s rebellion

Conflict between farmers and the Indians and government. The farmers wanted to get rid of the Indians entirely for easier land, but the governor wanted to just defend the land as the governor benefited from the fur trade. So farmers elected Bacon to run a rebellion and exterminated the Indians.