Module 4: Carbon Atom: A Unique One

Why is carbon considered a unique atom?

Because it can form 4 covalent bonds, long chains, rings, multiple bonds, and strong sigma bonds, making countless organic molecules possible.

How many bonds can a carbon atom form?

Four bonds.

What are the main characteristics that make carbon unique?

Valence electrons (4), ability to form long chains, strong sigma bonds, and multiple bond formation.

What is an organic compound?

A compound mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen, often with O, N, P, S, or halogens.

Give examples of organic compounds.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

What are carbohydrates?

Organic compounds made of simple sugars; main energy source for living things.

What are lipids?

Fats, oils, waxes; insoluble in water; used for long-term energy storage.

What are proteins?

Large molecules made of amino acids; essential for structure and function in organisms.

What are nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA; carry genetic information and control protein synthesis.

What is an inorganic compound?

Compounds that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen.

Give examples of inorganic compounds.

H₂O, NaCl, CO₂, HCl, CaO.

List key characteristics of inorganic compounds.

Often contain metals, form crystals, highly soluble in water, conduct electricity (when liquid), high melting/boiling points, often colored.

Organic compounds bonding type?

Mostly covalent.

Inorganic compounds bonding type?

Often ionic.

State differences in solubility.

Organic: mostly insoluble in water;

Inorganic: often soluble in water.

State differences in conductivity.

Organic: poor conductors;

Inorganic: good conductors (in molten/solution form).

Which components make the carbon atom unique?

Valence electron, bond, and strength

Which statement best describes inorganic compounds?

They are compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen.

What type of compound is C₆H₁₂O₆ (table sugar)?

Organic.

Which compound is NOT inorganic?

C₈H₁₈ (organic).

Which compound is NOT organic?

CaO (inorganic).

Which statement best describes organic compounds?

They contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.

What are the four main types of organic compounds?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

What are the main compositions of organic compounds?

Carbon and hydrogen (often with oxygen).

Which compounds have the highest melting and boiling points?

Inorganic compounds.

Which characteristics best describe inorganic compounds?

Remarkable color, ability to form crystals, highly soluble in water