Lecture 9-15: CLL Exam2

after the chaos of the middle of the 3rd century AD (200s)

diocletian and eastern general began to bring order

diocletian divided the empire

west: augustus, caesar

south: augustus, caesar

rule of 4

tetarchy

diocletain retired and the

tetcharchy collapsed into civil war

who won the civil war after diocletian retired

constantine (I), who moved the captial eastwards to byzantium (constantinople)

byzantium will become

byzantine empore and will outlast western rome by 1000 years (following to ottoman turks in 1452AD)

what happened to the west?

gradual germanification- the western world becomes a series of gernamic kindgoms

this could sometimes mean

invasion, but mostly a slow process of assimilation (germans become roman)

rome has originally tried conquest, but past 9AD

the defeat from a large roman army, marked off roman territory from german w the limes germanicus w many miles of boarder defenses and watch towers

but had a porus boarder

• traders crossed it

• rome recruited soldiers across it

gradually, germans filtered in and became

romanized

a perfect picture of assimilation (circa 500AD)

medallion of the theodoric but also theuda reiks

• theo - god doric- gift theuda - of the people reiks - ruler

• in gothic (germanic languge)

theodoric was married to

audofueda (siser of the frankish (gernmanic) king to the north clovis

clovis

founder of the merovingian kingdom (names for maybe mythological meroveck)

stability in germanic kingdoms after marriage

after marriage

because the merovinsion kingdom so big,

king has an assistant; the “mayor of the palace”

meaniwhile in 711AD

invaders from north africa began to conquer spain (moors)

732AD

in central France and driven back by the frankish mayor of the palace, charles “martel” (chuck the hammer) at politer / tours

but charles son, pepin, had plains to become a new king w the blessing of pope zachary,

he overthrew childeric II to make himself ruler and the founder of a new dynasty-carolingion - after his son charlemange - carolus magnus

charlemange ruled over huge kingdom - the pope on xmas day 800AD even crowed him

“emperor of the romans”

“emperor of the romans” → but this fell apart out the time of his 3 grandsons →

who split his kingdom into 3rds (843AD - treaty of verdon)

meanwhile, in what had been roman britain,

more germans!

brisitsh towns w/ chester or ester in name =

old roman garrisons from castra = “military camp”

romans occupied britain from the 1st circa AD to the very beginning of the

5th century, then troops withdrawn + britain suffered germanic invasion - hiring other germans to defend them - who then become colonists

by 950

scandinavian people were appearing in britain and europe as: raiders, traders, colonists

western france had so many of these northman that the area became known as

normandy (norse man land), and their ruler hrolfr became a french duke, rollo

anglo-saxon england now rules by a single king

edward the confessor

in edward the confessor death, he had a problem with

succession

who were edward the confessor possible successors?

a. harold godwinson (anglo saxon noble)

b. william duke of normondy

harold becomes kind and is attacked from 2 directions

1. vikings from north

2. normans from south

defeats vikings but is killed in hastings in

oct 1066, fighting norms

williams then makes himself

king

william gives land to his

• chief warriors (barons)

these barons spread

across england and build early castles (motte and bailey)

williams govt uses anglo-saxon

tax records to begin controlling england (“doomsday book”)

1066

narmeans begin to conquer england led by william, duke of normandy

normandy =

norse = viking

now for awhile…

armored, mounted men will rule battlefield

william gave land to

chief followers (the barons)

the barons spread

across england building wooden forts

what were the wooden forts called?

motte and bailey

as well, the normans used anglo-saxon tax records to

develop their own tax system called the Domesday Book

the feudal system

king

nobles

knights

everyone else

serfs

at the base of the feudal system, land equals

wealth and power

the lowest land-holding =

manor→ self sustaining community

3 lower social classes

1. freemen - own land, pay taxes on it

2. peasants - no land but free

3. serfs - slaves (owned)

but the role of armored men or horseback will begin to change

a. fewer battles

b. more sieges

gradually, mottle and baileys converted to

stone castles (only to be captured by sieges)

siege methods

a. surrounding and starve out

b. assault

1. ladders (escalade)

2. seige towers

3. battering rams

4. store throwers

a. small (mangonel)

b. large (trebucket)

5. undermining

so infantry + engineering + artillery -

men become more important than knights

besides sieges, another reason for fewer battles

knight expensive and require many years of training

ages for knights

a. page (at 7)

b. squire (at 14)

c. knight (maybe at 21)

knights also

held the social fabric together

anti knight weapons began to appear

1. longbows

2. crossbows

3. pikes

from 1337-1453 england fought

an on and off war to conquer france (100 year war)

battle few - 3 big ones won by the english - in partby their missile troops w longbows

1. crecy 1346

2. poitiers 1356

3. agincourt 1415

long bows could fire 10 arrows per minute

showering attackers and their horses

knights will begin to become only 1 weapon _______ _____ and __________ instead of dominating battlefields

• heavy cavalry

• gendarmes

during this era, we’ll see

a. more training

b. more organization

c. knights becoming heavy cav

d. gunpower

late medieval period

a. more sieges fewer battles

b. more middle troops caused that change to knights

gunpowder

a. discovered by the chinese (?)

b. first known mention in europe, 1242, friar roger-bacon

c. first known depiction of gunpowder weapon - 1327

for sieges you’ve got:

a. big arrow throwers (ballista)

b. smaller stone throwers (mangonel)

c. bigger stone throwers (trebuchet)

combined older weapons and new?

proof of the new weapons

use of bombards (early cannon) at seige of constantinope (1453AD)

constantinople depended by a moat and a double wall

only in its 1000yr history, captured once - so how to break in?

bombards made in 2 ways

1. like a barrel - long pieces of iron clamped together → iron

2. cast like a bell → bronze

if you can make big guns → could make

1. smaller guns for use on battlefields

2. even smaller to be used by infantry (hand cannons, had gonnes)

but you’ve got long bows + cross bows, who needs a handgonne?

1. long bows take years of training and muscle conditioning

2. cross bows increasingly heavy, slow load, expensive

whereas a handgonnes

a. takes virtually no time to learn how to use

b. simple and light

c. cheap

an ancient weapong makes a comeback

the long pike (sarissa)

pole arms had been developed by the swiss

who were making and first used in mass attacks, but then they switches to long pikes and learned to drill

the swiss learned to fight in pike blocks/ squares and w

missile troops at the edges

the swiss became mercenaries:

renting out pike blocks and because of demand, immitation swiss (landokneukre - appeared)

now armies had

a. artillery

b. pikeman w/ missile troops

c. heavy cav. (gendames)

d. light cav (scouting and skirmishing) (stradites/jineies)

renaissance army

a. pikemen

b. missile troops

c. sword + bucklermen

d. gendarmes

e. light cav. (jinette, stadiotes)

f. artillery

(big change from hoplites w/ hoplites, slingers, archers)

another change will be economic

1. later middle ages brings increasingly stability

2. trade begins to develop/grow once more - and from it new wealth

• 1. merchants

• 2. manufacturers

manufactures formed guides = early trade unions which oversaw:

a. training

b. quality

c. prices

some towns (especially northern Italy) became so prosperous that

a. merchants and guilds ran them

b. they became independent of local feudal lords

england’s went a step farther - devising a representative body- parliament

a. lords (wealthy land-owners)

b. commons (merchants/guilds)

another change - fortifications

a. motte and bailey

b. stone castle

c. but tall, thin castle walls vulnerable to artillery

Italian renaissance engineers, began creating new defenses

a. low

b. earth-bound

angle bastions added to walls to

allow for crossfire

another change - military formations

a. orginally a pike block/square

b. now this will become a tercio

tercio - advantages

a. the look

b. protection of pikes by missiles

c. weight

tercio has:

a. pikeman

b. sword + buckermen

c. missile troops

main missile weapons =

the matchlock

spain, through its american conquests became dominant and wealth and so

their formation the tercio - became everyone’s formation for a little while

tercios are also:

a. slow and clumsy

b. masked ½ of its gunfire

from 1568-1648 (80 years war) the dutch struggled

to escape spanish control but always out spent and out numbered

a dutch general and noble maurice of nassua, invented new dutch formations to counter this

a. read ancient classics - used the roman triples acies

b. changed infantry lines to M P M so that firepower could be used (“the dutch system” allowed for greater flexibility as well)

1600, maurice defeated the spanish at nitewport and generals began

to see this as an alternate method of combat

In this lecture, we’re going to back up just a little, from the time of the ENGLISH CIVIL WAR, in which King CHARLES I (1600-1649)

• so antagonized many of his people, represented in part by the House of Commons, that he brought on a civil war

this civil war lasted from

1642 to 1651: continuing even after the king had been tried by Parliament for treason and executed in January, 1649, an act which shocked people all over Europe—especially other monarchs.

1517, when a German priest, Father MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546),

sent a list of points to the local archbishop which argued that the Church was misbehaving by selling a kind of pardon, called an INDULGENCE.  He may also have nailed a copy of that list onto a local church door, thus publishing them.

Needless to say, this was not well received by the archbishop and by his superiors and was, instead, the beginning of a great struggle, which ended with Luther forced out of the Church.

• In turn, along with others who shared his beliefs, he set in motion a movement of protest which ended in a new form of Christianity, called PROTESTANTISM, as well as the foundation of a new church, named LUTHERAN, after him. 

• The beliefs of this new church included the idea that people were so responsible for their own souls that they should read the Christian Bible for themselves.  The Church had resisted this for a long time, maintaining the Bible in Latin, which could only be read by a few educated people, mostly churchmen.  Luther responded by translating the Bible into German.

Mechanical printing was still relatively new at this time, having been invented in the 1450s (right at the time the Hundred Years War was ending),

but luther used it to publish one part of the bible, the new testament, in 1552, and both that and the old testament in 1534

this spirit of criticism and resistance was in the Europeans air at this time and a French lawyer, named jean calvin (1509-1564)

became so involved that he was forced to flee france for switlerland, where he was instrumental in the foundation of another named of Protestantism, named after him Calvinism

these two branches spread rapidly, but unevenly,

across northern and parts of western europe

england would join this movement, not for religious reasons, but for dynastic ones

henry VIII (1491-1547), whose father, henry VII (1457-1509), had seized the throne of england after the battle of Bosworth in 1485, was worried about family succession

his wife, catherine of aragon (daughter of isabella and ferdinand of spain, had produced a daughter, but no sons

and henry wanted boys to succeed him

He was having an affair with one of his wife’s ladies-in-waiting, Anne Boleyn, who was pregnant, so he must have been feeling hopeful, as well as pressured. 

He applied to the Pope, Clement VII, for a divorce (extremely rare in those days), but Catherine was the aunt of the most powerful man in central Europe, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, so the Pope put him off.